|
Memoria Del Saqueo Social Genocide
|
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A SOCIAL GENOCIDE |
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To those who resisted |
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during all those years |
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To their dignity and their courage |
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Argentina, October 2001: |
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The government of the Alliance |
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President De la Rúa |
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In 2 years of power, |
| 00:03:10 |
his progressive program was replaced |
| 00:03:15 |
a continuation |
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The recession deepens |
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Millions are poverty-stricken |
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Massive flight of capital |
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Bank-accounts are blocked |
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The crisis worsens |
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December 19, 2001 |
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In view of the situation, |
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I have decreed a state of siege |
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for the entire country, |
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and informed Congress of it. |
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Our country is going through |
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Kick 'em all out! |
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Every one of them! |
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The government must resign |
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Together, we'll never be defeated! |
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After many years |
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of apathy in the country, |
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the insurrection exploded. |
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This spontaneous revolt |
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meant saucepans were being banged |
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in every neighborhood, |
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all the way |
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People took to the streets, |
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without getting any orders. |
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I've been out of work |
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and I've slaved away |
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I don't want a state of siege, |
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or to be a pawn |
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It's an outdated economic model. |
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De la Rúa must resign, |
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December 20, 2001 |
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We're dying of hunger! |
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"In glory we shall die!" |
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"In glory we shall die!" |
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"This square belongs to the Mothers, |
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"not to cowardly others!" |
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"This square belongs to the Mothers, |
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"not to cowardly others!" |
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You bastards! |
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We're not in a dictatorship anymore! |
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Bunch of idiots! |
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Armed baboons! |
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Who ordered you out? |
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Can you kill a woman? |
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Can you kill a whole nation |
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Repression fails to empty |
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Hundreds of citizens |
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"The people won't clear out!" |
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And the people don't clear out. |
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They're workers, housewives, |
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employees, pensioners, students, |
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the heirs of those who, |
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defied the dictatorships |
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put up with |
| 00:09:19 |
and were betrayed |
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by democracy. |
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What happened in Argentina? |
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How was it possible |
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so many people were hungry? |
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The country had been ransacked |
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committed in time of peace |
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A daily and silent violence |
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that caused |
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more emigration and death, |
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than the terrorism |
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and the Falkland Islands war. |
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THE NEVER-ENDING DEBT |
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Ever since Independence, |
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Argentina's foreign debt |
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of impoverishment and corruption |
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and the biggest scandals. |
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Since the first loan |
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with the British bank |
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the debt was used |
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to control the finances |
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and empty the country |
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This foreign debt always |
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and with the complicity |
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from Miter and Quintana, |
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The policy of indebtedness |
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to generations |
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who favored banks |
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over their own country. |
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Educated at Harvard, Chicago, |
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their portraits hang |
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There you can see |
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like Manual García and Beláustegui, |
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or the latest heads |
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Pedro Pou, |
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administrators of a debt |
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that was born in the 1970s |
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under the military dictatorship. |
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We have turned the page |
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of government interventionism... |
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The present debt |
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was the illegitimate offspring |
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of the military dictatorship. |
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Even though the Courts |
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the pressure of the Establishment |
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From then on, |
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it dictated national policies |
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and depleted the public heritage. |
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All this is perfectly symbolized |
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by the statue of George Canning, |
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that was donated |
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in recognition of the debt. |
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American defeat in Vietnam |
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Conservatives return to power |
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Crisis and rising oil prices |
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Petrodollars flood the world |
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Banks offer credit at 3% |
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Birth of the Third-world debt |
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Interest rates reach 16% |
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Bankruptcy of indebted countries |
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An alliance of foreign banks |
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comes to power in Argentina. |
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After 7 years |
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the dictatorship leaves a country |
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of 45 billion dollars, |
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of which half |
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23 billion |
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is owed by multinationals |
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like Citibank, First Boston, |
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Chase Manhattan, |
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Banco de Londres, Banco Español, |
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Banco Río and Banco Quilmes, |
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Banco Galicia and many more. |
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And by multinationals |
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Ford, Mercedes Benz, Swift, Pirelli, |
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as well as local groups owned by |
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Macri, Techint, Fortabat, |
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Pescarmona, Gruneisen, Soldati, |
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Cogasco, Celulosa and others. |
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An excessive private debt |
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that a top bureaucrat of the |
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Domingo Cavallo. |
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A "super-Minister" of Finance in the |
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he is responsible |
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and the worst pillage ever suffered |
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THIEVES, BANKERS, GOVERNMENTS |
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GIVE US BACK OUR DOLLARS |
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What did you say? |
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The police protects the thieves, |
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The world's turned upside-down. |
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Now people must |
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to defend their savings, |
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with government complicity. |
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The State |
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not steal them. |
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Thieves! |
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A dollar at a time, |
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I saved during |
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so I could live decently |
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not on a State pension. |
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Why don't the banks |
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like their foreign customers? |
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I chose private banks, |
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I already got swindled in 1989. |
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But I must be stupid. |
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What do they want? A bomb? |
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that's why |
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I used to cook with it |
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Every time I look at it, |
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but I'll know I fought |
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I'm the oldest newsvendor |
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For 65 years I've sold newspapers. |
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All my savings |
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The manager of the agency |
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it's a lie! |
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Everything I saved by making |
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In fact, the foreign banks |
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owe money to the Argentineans. |
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In a way, |
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The parent companies must be |
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That was decided by law |
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in the well-known Swift Deltec case, |
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which established that |
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for the debts of their subsidiaries. |
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It's a swindle |
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for the debts of the banks. |
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What about our foreign debt? |
| 00:18:28 |
In many ways, |
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In a fundamental way: |
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It's illegitimate |
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with 18 million people |
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and 9 million paupers. |
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There's a human priority. |
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Then the banks |
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If they'd charged |
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the foreign debt |
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What was this swindle? |
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The parent companies |
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so these were internal movements. |
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These loans |
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when in fact |
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Dollars were bought here, and placed |
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With this deposit as collateral, |
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to purchase more dollars |
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because of the difference |
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It's what's known |
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and many got rich on it. |
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The main beneficiaries |
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as usual. |
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At the end |
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the foreign debt |
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Menem let the creditors |
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The Congress |
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neglecting the Constitution |
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and a decision by the law courts. |
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Ten years later, |
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the debt reached |
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People have a false idea |
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You get into debt, |
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then you say it's bad. |
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But indebtedness |
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Indebtedness is beneficial. |
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We are going to develop credit |
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Owing money is fine. |
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A good example |
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is what the North Americans |
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at the time they occupied Cuba. |
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Some Spanish banks |
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had granted loans |
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The North Americans said: |
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If the Cuban people |
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there's no public debt. |
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In 1923, |
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a British bank, |
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the Royal Bank of Canada, |
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lent a petty tyrant of Costa Rica, |
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called Tinoco, |
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a sum that he used |
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The Royal Bank of Canada |
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There was a lawsuit, |
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of which the arbitrator was |
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President William Taft. |
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President Taft |
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It's about a private debt, |
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not a public debt. |
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You can't have |
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with the public |
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These operations |
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quite the contrary. |
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It's the person |
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and pays VAT |
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who ends up paying |
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for the private debts |
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or of very rich people. |
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The problem of private debts, |
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that were illicitly nationalized |
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by Mr. Cavallo, |
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must absolutely be reexamined. |
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What is this theory? |
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It's the theory |
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A director of the IMF, |
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representing the United States, |
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"If we applied |
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"the Third World's debt |
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A CHRONICLE OF TREASON |
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Democracy was re-established |
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with the Radical Raúl Alfonsín |
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and his social-democrat approach. |
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He promised |
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to fight poverty |
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and to show that in a democracy |
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We have the huge responsibility |
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of guaranteeing democracy |
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and respect for human dignity |
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As we've said, |
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this means that the State |
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cannot bow |
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or to privileged local groups... |
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But the State was bankrupt, |
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and had to make a choice. |
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Economy minister Grinspun, |
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and favoring growth. |
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Alfonsín won't go along, |
| 00:23:58 |
The only solution |
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that will be very hard |
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and require great efforts |
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It's called, |
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an economy of war. |
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We must all learn from it. |
| 00:24:21 |
This drastic measure |
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Once more, |
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huge public funds |
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are transferred to the banks |
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Alfonsín says two things at once: |
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He promises to repudiate the debt |
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but orders the president |
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He favors prosecuting Army officers |
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for their crimes |
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but two years later, |
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the "Due Obedience" laws |
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on orders of a superior. |
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Laws that resulted |
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of the rebel |
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People took to the streets |
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and defied the tanks... |
| 00:25:13 |
We've had enough of jackboots! |
| 00:25:20 |
Alfonsín amnesties the rebels. |
| 00:25:23 |
Dear compatriots, |
| 00:25:26 |
Happy Easter! |
| 00:25:31 |
The insurgents... |
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have put down their weapons. |
| 00:25:40 |
Among them, |
| 00:25:42 |
were heroes of the Falklands war, |
| 00:25:47 |
who had strayed... |
| 00:25:53 |
The electoral defeat |
| 00:25:55 |
accelerates the crisis. |
| 00:25:58 |
Stockmarket instability |
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lead to runs on the supermarkets. |
| 00:26:06 |
I've decided to resign |
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from the job |
| 00:26:14 |
Alfonsín has to resign |
| 00:26:16 |
6 months before the end |
| 00:26:34 |
The neo-Peronist Carlos Menem |
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becomes President |
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after having, |
| 00:26:41 |
the province of La Rioja, |
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one of the poorest in the nation. |
| 00:26:49 |
His lightning rise |
| 00:26:51 |
coincided |
| 00:26:54 |
and the ideas |
| 00:27:00 |
With his frankness |
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he promises a Productivist Revolution |
| 00:27:10 |
He has long sideburns |
| 00:27:15 |
the "Tiger of the Plains". |
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For every Argentinean, standing, |
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for poor children who are hungry, |
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or who are sad, |
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for our brothers without work, |
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for the homes without a roof, |
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for the tables without bread, |
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for our homeland, |
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I ask you to follow me, |
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follow me, |
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I won't betray you, |
| 00:27:47 |
I won't betray you... |
| 00:27:52 |
As God is my witness, |
| 00:27:55 |
and facing |
| 00:27:57 |
let me proclaim: |
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Argentina, get up and walk! |
| 00:28:04 |
Sisters and brothers, |
| 00:28:07 |
in a single voice |
| 00:28:11 |
"This is the advent |
| 00:28:14 |
of a new and glorious Nation." |
| 00:28:20 |
This is the era of the theory |
| 00:28:26 |
of the single-mindedness |
| 00:28:30 |
and of neo-liberal democracies |
| 00:28:36 |
Long live Carlos Saúl Menem! |
| 00:28:43 |
A few days later, |
| 00:28:44 |
he abandons his sideburns |
| 00:28:48 |
and betrays his voters: |
| 00:28:51 |
His program becomes that |
| 00:28:57 |
directed by the former rebel officer |
| 00:29:01 |
Everything has changed now, |
| 00:29:05 |
between conservatives |
| 00:29:07 |
We appear to be the same, |
| 00:29:10 |
but a fundamental change |
| 00:29:12 |
amongst us has occurred. |
| 00:29:15 |
Historically, it's only fair, |
| 00:29:17 |
that a neo-Peronist president |
| 00:29:23 |
No one before Menem |
| 00:29:26 |
had dared to carry treason so far, |
| 00:29:29 |
or undertaken so cynically |
| 00:29:32 |
actions that harmed the Nation. |
| 00:29:36 |
The two-faced game |
| 00:29:39 |
will pulverize 50 years |
| 00:29:44 |
He imposes allegiance |
| 00:29:48 |
amnesties the leaders of the junta, |
| 00:29:50 |
and betrays millions of workers |
| 00:29:53 |
who lived through the repression. |
| 00:29:58 |
He abandons |
| 00:30:00 |
and non-alignment |
| 00:30:04 |
and initiates a "physical relationship" |
| 00:30:09 |
His policies will be dictated |
| 00:30:21 |
But Menem |
| 00:30:25 |
Many of the political |
| 00:30:29 |
dumped overboard |
| 00:30:33 |
Many of them |
| 00:30:36 |
and opted for indemnifications. |
| 00:30:39 |
Others climbed |
| 00:30:42 |
onto the bandwagon |
| 00:31:03 |
Senator Cafiero, |
| 00:31:04 |
you are a historic leader |
| 00:31:08 |
How do you explain |
| 00:31:10 |
It happens frequently |
| 00:31:14 |
in the political life |
| 00:31:18 |
There's a small French book, |
| 00:31:23 |
where they prove |
| 00:31:26 |
that treason |
| 00:31:29 |
To succeed, you have to lie. |
| 00:31:32 |
If you say what you think, |
| 00:31:36 |
That's what happened |
| 00:31:39 |
but much more intensely, |
| 00:31:42 |
when Menem was in power. |
| 00:31:44 |
He even admitted |
| 00:31:49 |
Of course, in my opinion, |
| 00:31:52 |
it's politically unethical, |
| 00:31:55 |
but that's the reality. |
| 00:31:57 |
Then, some international |
| 00:32:02 |
And the model gradually |
| 00:32:06 |
How do you explain |
| 00:32:08 |
the existence |
| 00:32:12 |
Economic power, |
| 00:32:15 |
On that, Pino, |
| 00:32:19 |
I won't pass judgment... |
| 00:32:23 |
how can I put it... |
| 00:32:27 |
My long experience |
| 00:32:30 |
has taught me |
| 00:32:32 |
It's not all black or white, |
| 00:32:34 |
things aren't corrupt or pure. |
| 00:32:36 |
Argentinean society as a whole |
| 00:32:40 |
can't call itself pure |
| 00:32:42 |
and assign corruption |
| 00:32:45 |
The ruling classes |
| 00:32:49 |
On one hand, |
| 00:32:52 |
and I'll assume |
| 00:32:55 |
But on the other hand... |
| 00:32:58 |
many of the ruling circles |
| 00:33:01 |
and to reach a verdict on everyone, |
| 00:33:05 |
I'd say we're all in Dante's hell. |
| 00:33:09 |
Undoubtedly, |
| 00:33:12 |
treason is very effective. |
| 00:33:18 |
Treason |
| 00:33:23 |
precisely because it's treason. |
| 00:33:27 |
It's insidious, |
| 00:33:29 |
it sneaks up behind you, |
| 00:33:33 |
where you least expect it. |
| 00:33:35 |
Otherwise it wouldn't be treason. |
| 00:33:39 |
In this sense, |
| 00:33:43 |
was the most brilliant |
| 00:33:49 |
of Cafiero's point of view. |
| 00:33:52 |
If you ask Argentinean society |
| 00:33:56 |
between San Martín |
| 00:33:59 |
it'll vote for San Martín. |
| 00:34:01 |
But between |
| 00:34:04 |
how can you fault society |
| 00:34:09 |
So we have... |
| 00:34:11 |
a society with a weakened role, |
| 00:34:14 |
a party that betrays its historic ideas |
| 00:34:18 |
a working-class movement |
| 00:34:23 |
infested with traitors... |
| 00:34:26 |
Law courts |
| 00:34:31 |
Opposition parties |
| 00:34:35 |
and the result of it all is... |
| 00:34:37 |
THE REPUBLIC DETERIORATES |
| 00:34:54 |
Menem's neo-liberal model |
| 00:34:56 |
is inseparable from the deterioration |
| 00:35:03 |
His political plan |
| 00:35:08 |
and federal law courts |
| 00:35:10 |
and for special powers |
| 00:35:18 |
In one month, |
| 00:35:22 |
the Reform of the State, |
| 00:35:24 |
that opened up for him |
| 00:35:28 |
Today the Senate is debating |
| 00:35:31 |
a fundamental law for the country. |
| 00:35:35 |
For the first time, |
| 00:35:37 |
we are going to attack head on |
| 00:35:40 |
the structural weaknesses |
| 00:35:43 |
of the State as a whole, |
| 00:35:48 |
notably of its public corporations. |
| 00:35:51 |
We must be grateful |
| 00:35:53 |
to the President of the Republic, |
| 00:35:56 |
because this law is the beginning |
| 00:35:58 |
of the Productivist Revolution. |
| 00:36:06 |
Democracy was ridiculed |
| 00:36:11 |
during the Menem era. |
| 00:36:13 |
He gave Ministries |
| 00:36:17 |
absolute powers, |
| 00:36:21 |
He gave Ministries the power |
| 00:36:24 |
to privatize State enterprises, |
| 00:36:27 |
without inventories, balance sheets, |
| 00:36:29 |
without verifying beforehand |
| 00:36:31 |
if these enterprises |
| 00:36:36 |
Meaning that this vote |
| 00:36:39 |
was the starting point |
| 00:36:43 |
Who voted for it? |
| 00:36:44 |
The neo-Peronists, |
| 00:36:47 |
the Radicals, very obligingly... |
| 00:36:49 |
I remember very well |
| 00:36:53 |
ordering many of his congressmen |
| 00:36:55 |
to withdraw from the House |
| 00:36:58 |
so that the neo-Peronists |
| 00:37:02 |
Rarely does everything enable |
| 00:37:04 |
a minority to come to power |
| 00:37:08 |
without throwing a bomb, |
| 00:37:11 |
or firing a shot. |
| 00:37:13 |
Yet that's |
| 00:37:17 |
for the Reform of the State. |
| 00:37:19 |
This reform gave Menem, |
| 00:37:23 |
absolute, dictatorial powers, |
| 00:37:25 |
that even the dictator Videla |
| 00:37:28 |
- Alsogaray said it openly. |
| 00:37:32 |
He told the neo-Peronists |
| 00:37:34 |
that they were taking part |
| 00:37:37 |
that they'd have total power. |
| 00:37:39 |
But now, |
| 00:37:43 |
was going to be held |
| 00:37:45 |
by those who once censored, |
| 00:37:49 |
That's what Alsogaray brought about. |
| 00:37:53 |
How far would they go? |
| 00:37:56 |
Of a lot more. |
| 00:37:58 |
And they kept it up. |
| 00:38:01 |
There were denunciations |
| 00:38:03 |
over the privatization |
| 00:38:08 |
A congressman denounced |
| 00:38:11 |
of a bribe of 8 million dollars, |
| 00:38:14 |
then denied it hours later. |
| 00:38:17 |
Of 130 congressmen present, |
| 00:38:19 |
114 voted "Yes", |
| 00:38:23 |
10 voted "No", |
| 00:38:26 |
We should be delighted |
| 00:38:28 |
that the House |
| 00:38:32 |
For Argentina, |
| 00:38:36 |
From now on, |
| 00:38:37 |
the oil belongs to the provinces, |
| 00:38:39 |
YPF will be quoted |
| 00:38:43 |
and benefit |
| 00:38:45 |
Thanks to this, old-age pensioners, |
| 00:38:47 |
will benefit |
| 00:38:51 |
These fine words |
| 00:38:53 |
hid one of the most odious acts |
| 00:38:57 |
that Parliament committed. |
| 00:38:59 |
With the help of bribed congressmen, |
| 00:39:03 |
it voted the privatization |
| 00:39:08 |
the two biggest |
| 00:39:13 |
The country lost enterprises |
| 00:39:15 |
that financed its infrastructures, |
| 00:39:19 |
and of course |
| 00:39:22 |
got swindled. |
| 00:39:28 |
The opposition couldn't prevent it, |
| 00:39:32 |
though dissident Peronists |
| 00:39:35 |
the "Group of Eight". |
| 00:39:37 |
Reforming the State |
| 00:39:38 |
doesn't mean privatizing it. |
| 00:39:40 |
In an emergent country, |
| 00:39:42 |
you don't begin with layoffs. |
| 00:39:45 |
Other opponents |
| 00:39:49 |
were threatened or attacked. |
| 00:39:53 |
In May 1991, |
| 00:39:55 |
for having filed charges |
| 00:39:59 |
for dismantling the YPF, |
| 00:40:02 |
I got 6 bullets in my legs. |
| 00:40:07 |
The privatization of YPF |
| 00:40:11 |
It's an outrageous theft. |
| 00:40:13 |
Of course there was corruption! |
| 00:40:17 |
It goes hand in hand |
| 00:40:19 |
Just look at the heritage |
| 00:40:22 |
I mean the leaders. |
| 00:40:28 |
There's no evidence... |
| 00:40:31 |
Nobody saw suitcases |
| 00:40:35 |
Yet it was never denied. |
| 00:40:39 |
There were so many lobbies, |
| 00:40:42 |
so much money to be made, |
| 00:40:46 |
so many deals made on the quiet... |
| 00:40:49 |
while the media praised |
| 00:40:52 |
the advantages of privatization. |
| 00:40:55 |
Like the TV journalist Neustadt. |
| 00:41:00 |
He had high ratings. |
| 00:41:03 |
Not only the politicians, |
| 00:41:04 |
we reporters and the media, |
| 00:41:09 |
How long must we put up |
| 00:41:11 |
TV and radio |
| 00:41:15 |
for a nation of idiots? |
| 00:41:21 |
The Congress |
| 00:41:24 |
that voted such disgraceful laws |
| 00:41:29 |
needed the police to protect it. |
| 00:41:34 |
The people were so outraged |
| 00:41:38 |
that each week |
| 00:41:44 |
Pensioners, teachers, |
| 00:41:49 |
students, workers, |
| 00:41:51 |
and the unemployed |
| 00:41:59 |
It was the beginning of a dark era: |
| 00:42:01 |
The national budget |
| 00:42:05 |
before it was by our Congress. |
| 00:42:07 |
The government |
| 00:42:10 |
because the country |
| 00:42:31 |
"We were called the hand-raisers |
| 00:42:35 |
"We were devoted, committed |
| 00:42:40 |
"We voted with our eyes closed |
| 00:42:44 |
"As the party asked us to |
| 00:42:50 |
"We were called the hand-raisers |
| 00:42:54 |
"We legislated without remembering, |
| 00:42:58 |
"And our voters, we betrayed |
| 00:43:03 |
"And we didn't hear their boos..." |
| 00:43:15 |
THE ECONOMIC MODEL |
| 00:43:22 |
The instrument |
| 00:43:26 |
was the Convertibility Plan |
| 00:43:30 |
that liberalized imports |
| 00:43:35 |
One peso equaled one dollar. |
| 00:43:39 |
It managed to stop inflation, |
| 00:43:42 |
but left our nation's industries |
| 00:43:46 |
Until then, the country |
| 00:43:50 |
and exported machine-tools, |
| 00:43:52 |
trains, |
| 00:43:55 |
Henceforth, it imported fabrics, |
| 00:43:58 |
meat, dairy products, |
| 00:44:16 |
The country was "dollarized": |
| 00:44:18 |
You could pay for anything |
| 00:44:24 |
But with zero inflation rate, |
| 00:44:26 |
credit outfits and banks |
| 00:44:28 |
lent at usurious rates |
| 00:44:33 |
when in the U.S. And Europe, |
| 00:44:40 |
The euphoria |
| 00:44:43 |
made tradesmen and small businesses |
| 00:44:46 |
and bankrupts them. |
| 00:44:51 |
Hundreds of factories |
| 00:44:55 |
In textiles, metallurgy, |
| 00:44:58 |
consumer goods |
| 00:45:13 |
These were the years of flaunting |
| 00:45:15 |
illegally acquired wealth. |
| 00:45:19 |
Let's try not to steal for 2 years. |
| 00:45:22 |
Bribes and swindles are permitted. |
| 00:45:25 |
If you put your hand in the till, |
| 00:45:29 |
do it discreetly! |
| 00:45:30 |
Life is privatized and walled in. |
| 00:45:32 |
Security agents |
| 00:45:36 |
The land of |
| 00:45:38 |
You're a Peronist? |
| 00:45:39 |
Always have been. |
| 00:45:40 |
... and of pizza with champagne. |
| 00:45:48 |
The media |
| 00:45:52 |
Meddling with the YPF, |
| 00:45:54 |
was sacrilege. |
| 00:45:56 |
It was like offending |
| 00:45:59 |
The State meant corruption |
| 00:46:02 |
Oil underground |
| 00:46:06 |
Private ownership |
| 00:46:09 |
Everyone has the right |
| 00:46:11 |
to a little frivolity. |
| 00:46:16 |
Your lover-boy image |
| 00:46:19 |
The opposite: It helps me. |
| 00:46:23 |
Politics become a spectacle |
| 00:46:26 |
My love, it's really hot here... |
| 00:46:29 |
He's so cute! |
| 00:46:39 |
I'm thrilled |
| 00:46:42 |
It's a lie, |
| 00:46:43 |
a total lie, |
| 00:46:45 |
that it creates poverty. |
| 00:46:50 |
We've lived here a long time: |
| 00:46:53 |
The politicians |
| 00:46:56 |
But our local representatives, |
| 00:46:59 |
never did anything for us. |
| 00:47:02 |
So we, who live here, |
| 00:47:04 |
decided to block the road, |
| 00:47:08 |
so that they'd understand |
| 00:47:12 |
Kids can't get to school. |
| 00:47:16 |
Patients can't be moved, |
| 00:47:19 |
as ambulances can't get through. |
| 00:47:21 |
We want to live decently, |
| 00:47:24 |
We're poor, humble, |
| 00:47:27 |
but we're not fooled |
| 00:47:28 |
when they offer us a meal, clothing, |
| 00:47:31 |
booties for babies... |
| 00:47:36 |
We wanted them to build drainage. |
| 00:47:39 |
There was money, |
| 00:47:42 |
But they kept the money. |
| 00:47:46 |
When it comes to stealing, |
| 00:47:49 |
they are the masters. |
| 00:47:52 |
They teach people how to steal. |
| 00:47:58 |
We're no longer just teachers, |
| 00:48:02 |
now we're also social workers. |
| 00:48:05 |
Moms come and ask |
| 00:48:07 |
if we don't have extra sneakers... |
| 00:48:10 |
We take care |
| 00:48:12 |
When there's flooding, |
| 00:48:16 |
We put up the students, |
| 00:48:18 |
when the roof of their house |
| 00:48:20 |
when they have nowhere to sleep. |
| 00:48:22 |
The kids are worried |
| 00:48:25 |
and want to take home |
| 00:48:28 |
any remaining sandwiches. |
| 00:48:31 |
We can't make them concentrate, |
| 00:48:34 |
their minds are on other things. |
| 00:48:36 |
Sometimes, they faint. |
| 00:48:39 |
Then we ask them: |
| 00:48:41 |
"What did you eat yesterday? |
| 00:48:45 |
They answer: "Soup, tea..." |
| 00:48:48 |
They faint very often. |
| 00:48:51 |
We've got used to it. |
| 00:48:56 |
But it's shameful. |
| 00:49:02 |
The Convertibility Plan |
| 00:49:07 |
linked to a debt |
| 00:49:15 |
In 1992, |
| 00:49:18 |
Finance Minister Cavallo negotiated |
| 00:49:20 |
with the U.S. Secretary |
| 00:49:23 |
exchanging this debt |
| 00:49:27 |
for a bargain price. |
| 00:49:30 |
State enterprises are purchased, |
| 00:49:34 |
pegged at 15% of their face value, |
| 00:49:38 |
but redeemable at 100%. |
| 00:49:43 |
This agreement made the country lose |
| 00:49:46 |
more that 30 billion dollars. |
| 00:49:49 |
PRIVATIZATIONS |
| 00:49:55 |
The Argentine government |
| 00:49:58 |
achieved tonight |
| 00:50:00 |
seven fundamental privatizations, |
| 00:50:03 |
in seven strategic sectors |
| 00:50:06 |
We'll move on |
| 00:50:10 |
of phone companies, |
| 00:50:12 |
of a forthcoming tollbooth system, |
| 00:50:15 |
of forthcoming road and railway |
| 00:50:20 |
as well as |
| 00:50:23 |
without forgetting, of course, |
| 00:50:24 |
the privatization |
| 00:50:28 |
We've elaborated |
| 00:50:32 |
the Menemist Ten Commandments |
| 00:50:35 |
Commandment number 1, |
| 00:50:37 |
Menem doesn't know it yet, |
| 00:50:39 |
is taken from one of his speeches: |
| 00:50:43 |
"Nothing belonging to the State |
| 00:50:53 |
Nothing was spared. |
| 00:50:56 |
No matter what it was, |
| 00:50:59 |
or how and why it was sold. |
| 00:51:11 |
Cued by the methods |
| 00:51:14 |
these privatizations |
| 00:51:17 |
were an extension |
| 00:51:22 |
Once, the Potosí was robbed |
| 00:51:25 |
Now oil, water, |
| 00:51:31 |
The foreign companies |
| 00:51:35 |
what they couldn't do |
| 00:51:41 |
Non-execution of works |
| 00:51:43 |
They were exonerated |
| 00:51:46 |
for the non-execution of works. |
| 00:51:47 |
Rates were raised |
| 00:51:50 |
to make the users |
| 00:51:54 |
No new capital was needed. |
| 00:51:57 |
The more you risk, |
| 00:51:59 |
In Argentina, no risks |
| 00:52:04 |
Outstanding profitability |
| 00:52:08 |
They either doubled or tripled |
| 00:52:13 |
26 privatized concerns, |
| 00:52:16 |
pocketed 60% of the income. |
| 00:52:19 |
26 privatized concerns |
| 00:52:22 |
France Telecom in Argentina |
| 00:52:24 |
had a profitability of 15% |
| 00:52:27 |
and Telefónica of 16%, |
| 00:52:29 |
whereas the ten biggest |
| 00:52:32 |
only average |
| 00:52:35 |
5% worldwide |
| 00:52:38 |
These concerns are private here, |
| 00:52:43 |
Stripping |
| 00:52:46 |
The Argentinean enterprises |
| 00:52:49 |
The State took care |
| 00:52:53 |
required by the purchasers. |
| 00:52:56 |
The main investors |
| 00:53:00 |
The profitable ENTEL was sold |
| 00:53:03 |
to Telefônica and France Telecom, |
| 00:53:06 |
who saddled it |
| 00:53:11 |
Aerolíneas Argentinas |
| 00:53:16 |
The Spanish line Iberia mortgaged |
| 00:53:20 |
and stripped it of all its assets. |
| 00:53:25 |
The State water utility was taken |
| 00:53:29 |
headed by Suez and Vivendi. |
| 00:53:33 |
After making it owe |
| 00:53:36 |
huge profits were made, |
| 00:53:38 |
but the works agreed to |
| 00:53:42 |
800000 people were left |
| 00:53:46 |
and a million people |
| 00:53:54 |
The worse case is probably |
| 00:53:57 |
the dislocation of the railroads |
| 00:54:01 |
that dealt a fatal blow |
| 00:54:05 |
Thousands of families had to move. |
| 00:54:10 |
36000km of tracks existed, |
| 00:54:14 |
now only 8000 remain. |
| 00:54:17 |
There were 95000 jobs, |
| 00:54:20 |
now only 15000 are left. |
| 00:54:23 |
Ten years later, the State |
| 00:54:28 |
and now owes the World Bank |
| 00:54:29 |
700 million dollars |
| 00:54:34 |
and another 700 million |
| 00:54:39 |
Just to suppress 80000 jobs! |
| 00:54:48 |
Billions in subsidies |
| 00:54:51 |
Privatizations were supposed |
| 00:54:53 |
to end the payment of subsidies |
| 00:54:55 |
that supposedly led |
| 00:54:59 |
The irony today, is that |
| 00:55:04 |
are subsidized. |
| 00:55:06 |
Just for |
| 00:55:10 |
the subsidy was |
| 00:55:13 |
And as the 980 million |
| 00:55:16 |
they stole a total |
| 00:55:18 |
They never paid the fee |
| 00:55:21 |
You have to pay a fee |
| 00:55:22 |
to use public property |
| 00:55:26 |
They never paid it. |
| 00:55:28 |
- Who didn't pay? |
| 00:55:29 |
Not for the roads, |
| 00:55:32 |
Impunity |
| 00:55:34 |
Legal protection always favored |
| 00:55:37 |
the conglomerates. |
| 00:55:40 |
No one negotiated for the consumers. |
| 00:55:43 |
Why such impunity? |
| 00:55:49 |
Politics. |
| 00:55:51 |
Big business |
| 00:55:54 |
The big conglomerates |
| 00:55:58 |
Privatizations were planned in |
| 00:56:03 |
They were the ones who financed |
| 00:56:08 |
all the governments, |
| 00:56:10 |
all the coups d'état, |
| 00:56:12 |
all the major public-works |
| 00:56:20 |
No other sector |
| 00:56:24 |
Protected markets, |
| 00:56:27 |
fiscal advantages, |
| 00:56:31 |
exoneration of penalties |
| 00:56:34 |
extensions of concessions, |
| 00:56:36 |
and conversion into pesos |
| 00:56:41 |
They failed to honor |
| 00:56:45 |
swindled it |
| 00:56:50 |
Among these were: |
| 00:56:52 |
Macri's Socma and Sideco, |
| 00:56:55 |
Bulgheroni's Bridas, |
| 00:56:57 |
Fortabat's Loma Negra, |
| 00:57:00 |
Pérez Companc's Pecom, |
| 00:57:02 |
Rocca's Techint, |
| 00:57:05 |
Benito Roggio, Pescarmona, |
| 00:57:18 |
Unemployment |
| 00:57:20 |
contaminating the whole society. |
| 00:57:23 |
The lines of dole seekers |
| 00:57:28 |
Unemployment has gone from 11% |
| 00:57:32 |
not counting the temps. |
| 00:57:35 |
What's the situation |
| 00:57:38 |
They've lost their salaries, |
| 00:57:40 |
their social benefits, |
| 00:57:42 |
their unemployment insurance, |
| 00:57:45 |
their accident |
| 00:57:48 |
More than half of them |
| 00:57:52 |
a social situation |
| 00:57:55 |
that only prevails in the most |
| 00:57:58 |
People don't dare resist, |
| 00:58:02 |
and that the next day |
| 00:58:04 |
there may be no solution at all. |
| 00:58:07 |
So they agree to salary cuts, |
| 00:58:10 |
deteriorating work conditions, |
| 00:58:12 |
working in unsanitary surroundings. |
| 00:58:16 |
Losing your job |
| 00:58:19 |
joining an army of beggars, |
| 00:58:22 |
the army of the excluded. |
| 00:58:25 |
It leads to depression, |
| 00:58:30 |
In the Latin-American country |
| 00:58:32 |
where social rights |
| 00:58:36 |
thousands of destitute people |
| 00:58:38 |
flock to the church |
| 00:58:41 |
patron saint of work, |
| 00:58:43 |
asking for help. |
| 00:58:48 |
THE LIQUIDATION OF OIL |
| 00:58:53 |
Argentina is a unique case |
| 00:58:55 |
in the world and in Latin America. |
| 00:58:57 |
No other country gave up |
| 00:59:00 |
its gas and oil |
| 00:59:04 |
The country was truly betrayed |
| 00:59:09 |
by the ruling class. |
| 00:59:10 |
Mexico, Brazil and Venezuela |
| 00:59:14 |
never privatized their oil. |
| 00:59:16 |
Why was the sale of YPF |
| 00:59:20 |
Because of the role that YPF played |
| 00:59:25 |
in the country, |
| 00:59:26 |
and in the world oil-market. |
| 00:59:29 |
You have to remember |
| 00:59:32 |
created YPF, the first |
| 00:59:36 |
oil was considered |
| 00:59:39 |
and the sale of fuel |
| 00:59:44 |
If the international price rose, |
| 00:59:46 |
YPF kept the price low, |
| 00:59:49 |
according to its costs |
| 00:59:53 |
YPF was created in 1923 |
| 00:59:57 |
on orders of General Mosconi. |
| 01:00:01 |
In 1907, oil had been discovered |
| 01:00:08 |
In spite of its detractors, |
| 01:00:10 |
the oil company was developed |
| 01:00:13 |
without the need for foreign funds, |
| 01:00:16 |
and became a model |
| 01:00:21 |
It expanded so rapidly |
| 01:00:24 |
that it earned as much for the country |
| 01:00:28 |
Its reserves were estimated |
| 01:00:37 |
To privatize it, they had |
| 01:00:43 |
Actually, if the law was applied, |
| 01:00:46 |
most private concessions |
| 01:00:48 |
Argentina could soon rebuild |
| 01:00:53 |
if it had true political motivation. |
| 01:00:58 |
The strategic reserves, |
| 01:01:00 |
where the greatest sums |
| 01:01:02 |
were awarded for 25 years, |
| 01:01:05 |
for a price equivalent |
| 01:01:08 |
They were so poorly sold |
| 01:01:11 |
that Menem |
| 01:01:15 |
$19 for shares |
| 01:01:19 |
350 million shares at $19, |
| 01:01:23 |
They even hired |
| 01:01:27 |
to underestimate the reserves. |
| 01:01:30 |
A year later, the reserves reappeared |
| 01:01:35 |
So they sold, say, |
| 01:01:37 |
when it was worth 140. |
| 01:01:41 |
A cartel of four multinationals |
| 01:01:43 |
applied the highest rates |
| 01:01:48 |
and paid the lowest royalties. |
| 01:01:51 |
Who checks up? |
| 01:01:55 |
They make a declaration |
| 01:01:57 |
Meaning? |
| 01:01:58 |
By a declaration under oath, |
| 01:02:00 |
informing the Argentineans |
| 01:02:04 |
The reserves, the facilities, |
| 01:02:10 |
They didn't have to do anything. |
| 01:02:11 |
The site was there, |
| 01:02:15 |
and everything |
| 01:02:21 |
A high quality infrastructure |
| 01:02:27 |
They didn't have to do anything, |
| 01:02:31 |
had completely planned |
| 01:02:33 |
its future 20 years ahead. |
| 01:02:37 |
Now they were exploiting it, |
| 01:02:38 |
benefiting |
| 01:02:41 |
in terms of oil |
| 01:02:45 |
That's the reality of Argentina. |
| 01:02:51 |
You can't understand |
| 01:02:55 |
and Patagonia, |
| 01:02:56 |
without knowing about YPF. |
| 01:02:59 |
It had developed pipelines, |
| 01:03:02 |
steel plants, roads and factories, |
| 01:03:05 |
and given birth to dozens of towns, |
| 01:03:08 |
geared to the social needs |
| 01:03:13 |
In particular: |
| 01:03:15 |
Comodoro Rivadavia, Caleta Olivia, |
| 01:03:18 |
Cutral-Cô and Plaza Huincul, |
| 01:03:21 |
which was the first oil-town |
| 01:03:24 |
in the province of Neuquén. |
| 01:03:29 |
All these empty, |
| 01:03:32 |
lying neglected, |
| 01:03:34 |
were Camp 1, |
| 01:03:36 |
the administration block, |
| 01:03:38 |
the heart of YPF. |
| 01:03:40 |
When it was privatized, |
| 01:03:43 |
people had to leave |
| 01:03:46 |
They abandoned their homes, |
| 01:03:49 |
in search of new horizons. |
| 01:03:52 |
Were you adequately paid? |
| 01:03:54 |
The wages? No problem... |
| 01:03:58 |
Here, no one was ever needy. |
| 01:04:03 |
What happened was a crime, |
| 01:04:06 |
No one ever imagined |
| 01:04:12 |
Privatizations were done |
| 01:04:17 |
YPF left behind lots of things |
| 01:04:21 |
Large motors, for instance... |
| 01:04:23 |
Vehicles, new equipment, |
| 01:04:27 |
drilling bits, tools, clothing... |
| 01:04:30 |
No track was kept of many items |
| 01:04:36 |
You can dismantle a hangar |
| 01:04:38 |
without anyone asking questions. |
| 01:04:40 |
This is what's left of PEXSE, |
| 01:04:42 |
a company created |
| 01:04:45 |
to make the workers believe |
| 01:04:50 |
The company went bankrupt, |
| 01:04:55 |
The SUPE executives |
| 01:04:58 |
They knew very well |
| 01:05:08 |
People accepted |
| 01:05:11 |
and agreed to get fired. |
| 01:05:13 |
They were paid to take |
| 01:05:17 |
data processing, anything, |
| 01:05:21 |
They accepted privatization |
| 01:05:26 |
because they had money |
| 01:05:28 |
Then they spent this money, |
| 01:05:31 |
bought a car, enlarged their home, |
| 01:05:35 |
Did it create many unemployed? |
| 01:05:37 |
Between 5000 and 7000, |
| 01:05:40 |
There are no reliable figures, |
| 01:05:44 |
but it's known to be |
| 01:05:47 |
There were thousands |
| 01:05:50 |
trying to get by. |
| 01:05:55 |
The unemployed |
| 01:06:01 |
Thousands of others came |
| 01:06:03 |
from the factories and businesses |
| 01:06:05 |
that also had to close. |
| 01:06:07 |
Some years later, |
| 01:06:10 |
during the winter of 1996, |
| 01:06:12 |
there was a revolt in Cutral-Cô. |
| 01:06:18 |
We're starving! |
| 01:06:19 |
We give them gas, |
| 01:06:23 |
Unable to find work, |
| 01:06:27 |
thousands of unemployed |
| 01:06:31 |
for days and nights, |
| 01:06:33 |
in freezing temperatures, |
| 01:06:37 |
and facing |
| 01:06:51 |
That single victory |
| 01:06:53 |
created the "piquetero" movement |
| 01:06:56 |
with its "roadblocks". |
| 01:07:00 |
I cannot rule on this. |
| 01:07:05 |
This judge ordered |
| 01:07:09 |
The people has won! |
| 01:07:30 |
Natural-gas field of Loma de la Lata |
| 01:07:33 |
Gas del Estado |
| 01:07:37 |
It was a showpiece |
| 01:07:41 |
Why? |
| 01:07:43 |
It managed the extraction of gas, |
| 01:07:46 |
despite of the remoteness |
| 01:07:49 |
like clockwork. |
| 01:07:51 |
Europeans copied it, |
| 01:07:57 |
In 50 years of existence, |
| 01:07:59 |
it provided natural gas |
| 01:08:03 |
whereas in 90 years |
| 01:08:06 |
only 300000 Argentineans |
| 01:08:11 |
The Petrobras company |
| 01:08:15 |
was worth 25 billion dollars. |
| 01:08:17 |
After being appraised |
| 01:08:21 |
it was sold |
| 01:08:25 |
- Ten times less? |
| 01:08:30 |
Repsol polluted the area |
| 01:08:34 |
that the Mapuche Indians |
| 01:08:36 |
lodged a complaint |
| 01:08:41 |
Here, a member of our community |
| 01:08:45 |
built a home |
| 01:08:46 |
but couldn't move in. |
| 01:08:48 |
When he dug a well to pump water, |
| 01:08:52 |
he realized that in fact, |
| 01:08:55 |
it was gasoline |
| 01:08:57 |
that was coming out. |
| 01:08:59 |
This is the pipe... |
| 01:09:02 |
installed by my father in 1995, |
| 01:09:06 |
so he could pump water to drink |
| 01:09:11 |
and irrigate. |
| 01:09:13 |
You'll see what he got... |
| 01:09:16 |
It's gasoline. |
| 01:09:18 |
I'll show you, |
| 01:09:21 |
It's pure gasoline. |
| 01:09:26 |
Seven years ago, supposedly, |
| 01:09:29 |
Repsol decontaminated this area. |
| 01:09:31 |
What you pump out |
| 01:09:43 |
Not only on these 55 hectares. |
| 01:09:46 |
The whole ground water |
| 01:09:49 |
to the very bottom... |
| 01:09:50 |
Where the ground water begins. |
| 01:09:55 |
CORPORATISM |
| 01:10:03 |
Menem concludes a pact |
| 01:10:04 |
with Alfonsín for his re-election, |
| 01:10:07 |
in exchange |
| 01:10:09 |
that includes new statutes |
| 01:10:12 |
and an extra senator |
| 01:10:15 |
for the Radical party. |
| 01:10:18 |
The "Olivos Pact", |
| 01:10:20 |
or bi-party pact, |
| 01:10:23 |
is signed |
| 01:10:26 |
behind the backs of the citizens, |
| 01:10:28 |
in order to guarantee |
| 01:10:35 |
This reform legitimizes Menem, |
| 01:10:38 |
who has enacted |
| 01:10:43 |
ten times more |
| 01:10:49 |
The parties |
| 01:10:53 |
Radicalism and neo-Peronism |
| 01:10:56 |
are emptied of their substance. |
| 01:10:59 |
They become organizations |
| 01:11:02 |
for doling out public appointments: |
| 01:11:06 |
A corporation of professionals |
| 01:11:10 |
without any ideology |
| 01:11:12 |
that infects nearly |
| 01:11:18 |
whose only loyalty |
| 01:11:34 |
The once-powerful |
| 01:11:38 |
is now a ghost of its former self. |
| 01:11:42 |
Its zealous association with Menem |
| 01:11:45 |
finally drove the workers away. |
| 01:12:06 |
As they hugged each other, |
| 01:12:09 |
the union bigwigs |
| 01:12:12 |
betrayed the workers |
| 01:12:15 |
and amassed private wealth. |
| 01:12:33 |
The Supreme Court |
| 01:12:39 |
The court of impunity |
| 01:12:45 |
No court was as criticized |
| 01:12:49 |
as the Menem era court |
| 01:13:28 |
Argentinean society faults |
| 01:13:31 |
for its role in a mafioso pact |
| 01:13:34 |
set up in the country in the 1990s. |
| 01:13:38 |
It is blamed |
| 01:13:42 |
the sale of State-owned corporations |
| 01:13:45 |
at odious prices, |
| 01:13:47 |
stripping pensioners |
| 01:13:51 |
stripping workers of their rights, |
| 01:13:54 |
and finally |
| 01:13:59 |
who committed offenses |
| 01:14:04 |
For dozens of years, |
| 01:14:07 |
no important bureaucrat who |
| 01:14:12 |
has been sentenced. |
| 01:14:19 |
Menem's second term |
| 01:14:26 |
Protected by corrupt judges, |
| 01:14:29 |
the sinister alliance |
| 01:14:34 |
with big business, |
| 01:14:38 |
consolidates the mafiocracy. |
| 01:14:50 |
Gentlemen, it's no easy task |
| 01:14:52 |
to lead a country, |
| 01:14:56 |
especially in such |
| 01:15:00 |
where notions like homeland, |
| 01:15:02 |
common good, morality, |
| 01:15:05 |
respect of others |
| 01:15:08 |
are so damaged |
| 01:15:11 |
or discredited... |
| 01:15:25 |
Eat what? |
| 01:15:26 |
I have 7 children, no work... |
| 01:15:30 |
I have nothing. |
| 01:15:32 |
No mattress, no blanket. |
| 01:15:35 |
We're totally indigent. |
| 01:15:49 |
Come see my shack. |
| 01:15:52 |
Come see it. |
| 01:15:58 |
See how I live. |
| 01:16:00 |
Everything's wet. |
| 01:16:03 |
They must think we're dogs, |
| 01:16:08 |
I never got help. |
| 01:16:09 |
I have no right to anything, |
| 01:16:13 |
I give my youngest some boiled maze |
| 01:16:17 |
I have nothing, that's the truth. |
| 01:16:19 |
I have no way to get another home. |
| 01:16:23 |
They promised, |
| 01:16:27 |
The same as for others. |
| 01:16:29 |
Mariela, come see... |
| 01:16:32 |
My sister tells me: |
| 01:16:36 |
"you're not well, you're so skinny." |
| 01:16:39 |
I can't take it anymore. |
| 01:16:41 |
It's intolerable. |
| 01:16:44 |
I can't feed my little girl |
| 01:16:48 |
She asks when we're going to eat, |
| 01:16:52 |
but there's nothing. |
| 01:16:54 |
A child can't understand, |
| 01:16:58 |
It hurts to have to say |
| 01:17:04 |
MAFIOCRACY |
| 01:17:08 |
The mafiocracy unites businessmen, |
| 01:17:14 |
traffickers and bureaucrats, |
| 01:17:16 |
union leaders and media moguls. |
| 01:17:20 |
Their complicity was only matched |
| 01:17:23 |
by their hypocrisy. |
| 01:17:27 |
The commission |
| 01:17:30 |
showed how |
| 01:17:32 |
the dirty money |
| 01:17:35 |
left Argentina |
| 01:17:39 |
located mainly in Uruguay, |
| 01:17:42 |
where they were managed, |
| 01:17:45 |
toward relay-banks |
| 01:17:48 |
Money-laundering |
| 01:17:50 |
We investigated |
| 01:17:54 |
Trainers Bank, JP Morgan... |
| 01:17:57 |
Argentina was the center |
| 01:18:00 |
via Citibank, |
| 01:18:03 |
and Monetta's Federal Bank. |
| 01:18:07 |
Raúl Monetta: Menem's banker. |
| 01:18:09 |
Monetta owned |
| 01:18:10 |
60% of the media in Argentina. |
| 01:18:13 |
Of the media? Like what? |
| 01:18:16 |
Like cable channels, |
| 01:18:19 |
Radio Continental, Editorial |
| 01:18:23 |
provincial cable stations, |
| 01:18:27 |
He was also the biggest shareholder |
| 01:18:33 |
And on top of it well-connected |
| 01:18:36 |
to political power |
| 01:18:39 |
The very same Supreme Court |
| 01:18:42 |
telephonic rates to be altered |
| 01:18:45 |
favoring France Telecom |
| 01:18:48 |
against international competition. |
| 01:18:50 |
Curiously, it seems |
| 01:18:53 |
that a member of the Supreme Court, |
| 01:18:55 |
a cousin by marriage |
| 01:18:58 |
received $800000 dollars |
| 01:19:02 |
sent to the Citibank of New York. |
| 01:19:04 |
What are the global estimates |
| 01:19:07 |
of kickbacks |
| 01:19:10 |
- Between 5 and 10 billion dollars. |
| 01:19:14 |
Mainly Cavallo, Menem and Kohan, |
| 01:19:17 |
in the last ten years, |
| 01:19:19 |
and for money-laundering, |
| 01:19:23 |
We also discovered |
| 01:19:25 |
bribes paid |
| 01:19:28 |
mainly to the central Bank, |
| 01:19:31 |
from the BCCI, |
| 01:19:36 |
that financed |
| 01:19:39 |
There is a definite complicity |
| 01:19:43 |
the narcotraffickers, |
| 01:19:45 |
and encouragement of capital flight. |
| 01:19:49 |
Kickbacks |
| 01:19:52 |
Plunder of public funds |
| 01:19:54 |
via dividends |
| 01:19:57 |
was the norm |
| 01:20:01 |
Over 20% of government investments |
| 01:20:05 |
to have vanished in "commissions". |
| 01:20:08 |
Minister Manzano said, |
| 01:20:12 |
"I steal for the crown." |
| 01:20:37 |
A major source of corruption |
| 01:20:41 |
the pensioners' health-insurance |
| 01:20:44 |
The system of illicit contracts |
| 01:20:47 |
made with companies |
| 01:20:50 |
lasted during several governments. |
| 01:21:02 |
A monument to corruption |
| 01:21:05 |
The Yacyretá Dam, N.E. Argentina |
| 01:21:09 |
Yacyretá is one of the biggest |
| 01:21:13 |
with a retaining dam |
| 01:21:16 |
that is 67km long. |
| 01:21:20 |
This huge worksite, |
| 01:21:24 |
fed the country's slush funds, |
| 01:21:27 |
ever since the dictatorship. |
| 01:21:31 |
How did corruption |
| 01:21:35 |
Overestimation of costs, |
| 01:21:38 |
overdue work schedules. |
| 01:21:40 |
Today, the site, |
| 01:21:44 |
and still generates costs. |
| 01:21:47 |
It has reached |
| 01:21:49 |
And we still don't know |
| 01:21:51 |
5 times the estimate? |
| 01:21:54 |
I'll give you an example: |
| 01:21:56 |
In 1985, |
| 01:21:59 |
estimated at 30 million dollars, |
| 01:22:01 |
that was presented several times |
| 01:22:04 |
and the Inter-American Bank |
| 01:22:07 |
It was finally signed in 1989 |
| 01:22:11 |
for 180 million dollars. |
| 01:22:13 |
Many accepted it. |
| 01:22:15 |
Some didn't. |
| 01:22:17 |
They were excluded from Yacyretá |
| 01:22:20 |
- You, among others? |
| 01:22:23 |
- Who headed the auditing firm? |
| 01:22:28 |
He was campaign-manager |
| 01:22:34 |
then for Angeloz. |
| 01:22:36 |
A member of the Assembly? |
| 01:22:38 |
Yes, for the reform |
| 01:22:41 |
Mr. Carretoni, owned the leading |
| 01:22:47 |
and was the father-in-law |
| 01:22:52 |
Say that again... |
| 01:22:53 |
Mr. Carretoni |
| 01:22:55 |
was the father-in-law of Mr. Risso. |
| 01:22:58 |
So the head of the audit cabinet |
| 01:23:03 |
completion date |
| 01:23:06 |
was the builder's father-in-law? |
| 01:23:08 |
Precisely. |
| 01:23:18 |
Arms smuggling |
| 01:23:21 |
We sent arms to Ecuador, |
| 01:23:24 |
that was at war with Peru, |
| 01:23:26 |
when Argentina was guaranteeing |
| 01:23:30 |
We also sent arms |
| 01:23:35 |
violating UN dispositions. |
| 01:23:38 |
Those implicated |
| 01:23:41 |
the top army brass, |
| 01:23:45 |
through which most arms passed |
| 01:23:48 |
coming from the North, |
| 01:23:52 |
What happened? |
| 01:23:53 |
The Río Tercero factory |
| 01:23:58 |
As I started |
| 01:24:01 |
they tried to erase |
| 01:24:04 |
all documents, |
| 01:24:08 |
anything that could prove |
| 01:24:10 |
that it wasn't an accident, |
| 01:24:12 |
but a planned act |
| 01:24:16 |
Who was part of this plot? |
| 01:24:21 |
Its leader was |
| 01:24:24 |
an ex-president of the republic, |
| 01:24:27 |
but many others are implicated. |
| 01:24:31 |
Many other shady events occurred: |
| 01:24:34 |
"Suicides", |
| 01:24:36 |
accidental deaths... |
| 01:24:37 |
A helicopter crashed |
| 01:24:39 |
opposite the race track, |
| 01:24:42 |
causing the death of a key figure... |
| 01:24:45 |
General Andreoli... |
| 01:24:48 |
The "suicide" with his wrong hand |
| 01:24:52 |
who had been part |
| 01:24:55 |
during the country's darkest hours. |
| 01:24:58 |
Today, |
| 01:25:00 |
a question needs to be clarified: |
| 01:25:02 |
Where's the money they stole? |
| 01:25:09 |
Carlos Menem, |
| 01:25:13 |
Cavallo and others, |
| 01:25:15 |
implicated in arms smuggling, |
| 01:25:18 |
were arrested. |
| 01:25:22 |
But the Supreme Court |
| 01:25:28 |
These offenses |
| 01:25:32 |
Ministers, judges, |
| 01:25:35 |
were hauled into law-courts |
| 01:25:39 |
Neo-Peronists: Alberto Kohan, |
| 01:25:42 |
Gerardo Sofovich, |
| 01:25:45 |
Matilde Menéndez, |
| 01:25:48 |
Carlos Grosso, Claudia Bello, |
| 01:25:51 |
Triaca, Dadone, Grisanti, |
| 01:25:55 |
Amira and Emir Yoma, |
| 01:25:58 |
Radical civil servants: |
| 01:25:59 |
Delconte, Mazorino |
| 01:26:03 |
Presidential candidates: |
| 01:26:09 |
I'll lead the struggle |
| 01:26:14 |
All the cases were dismissed |
| 01:26:16 |
The threats concerned |
| 01:26:18 |
a gold exporting business, |
| 01:26:20 |
with phony financial records. |
| 01:26:23 |
The gold mafia |
| 01:26:25 |
"If you don't want trouble... |
| 01:26:27 |
Drug trafficking |
| 01:26:29 |
"...stay out of this." |
| 01:26:32 |
During the Menem years... |
| 01:26:33 |
"Parallel" Customs officers |
| 01:26:34 |
... the mafiosi thrived |
| 01:26:39 |
and have ever since. |
| 01:26:42 |
The Buenos Aires police mafia |
| 01:26:44 |
Among their deeds: |
| 01:26:48 |
murders... |
| 01:26:50 |
IBM-Banco Nación affair |
| 01:26:52 |
... car thefts, |
| 01:26:54 |
trigger-happy deaths, |
| 01:26:57 |
fake accidents |
| 01:27:04 |
Deadly bomb attacks |
| 01:27:07 |
Israeli Embassy |
| 01:27:10 |
AMIA Jewish center |
| 01:27:13 |
106 deaths |
| 01:27:17 |
Crimes still unpunished |
| 01:27:21 |
The betrayals of the Alliance |
| 01:27:23 |
In the Argentina |
| 01:27:26 |
the Alliance campaigns |
| 01:27:28 |
on promises to create jobs |
| 01:27:32 |
but without altering the economic |
| 01:27:37 |
Made up of the Radical party |
| 01:27:39 |
and center-left parties, |
| 01:27:42 |
it promises to investigate |
| 01:27:46 |
corrupt privatizations |
| 01:27:48 |
or financial plundering. |
| 01:27:51 |
Good luck! |
| 01:27:54 |
The team of Fernando De la Rúa |
| 01:27:57 |
beats the neo-Peronist candidate |
| 01:28:03 |
The new government continues |
| 01:28:09 |
Long live De la Rúa! |
| 01:28:11 |
Don't disappoint us! |
| 01:28:14 |
Once more, |
| 01:28:15 |
the voters mandate is betrayed: |
| 01:28:19 |
Civil servants' salaries |
| 01:28:22 |
and taxes raised. |
| 01:28:28 |
In Spain, De la Rúa, |
| 01:28:31 |
the concession of Argentina's |
| 01:28:35 |
Loma de la Lata, |
| 01:28:37 |
to the Repsol oil company. |
| 01:28:39 |
Worth 50 billion dollars, |
| 01:28:43 |
they are illicitly surrendered |
| 01:28:46 |
for 300 million dollars. |
| 01:28:52 |
The government bribes the Senate |
| 01:28:54 |
to get it to pass |
| 01:28:58 |
Vice-president Alvarez |
| 01:29:01 |
but wants the bribery investigated. |
| 01:29:07 |
I hereby resign irrevocably |
| 01:29:10 |
as vice-president of the Nation, |
| 01:29:14 |
so as not to harm the President, |
| 01:29:17 |
or jeopardize our institutions... |
| 01:29:19 |
Alvarez abandons his voters |
| 01:29:22 |
and works |
| 01:29:26 |
Appointed again as a super-Minister, |
| 01:29:30 |
This operation, |
| 01:29:33 |
is another swindle |
| 01:29:36 |
55 billion dollars. |
| 01:29:44 |
The "Argentinean miracle" |
| 01:29:49 |
Cavallo's plans |
| 01:29:53 |
made the rich richer |
| 01:29:55 |
and the poor poorer. |
| 01:29:59 |
60% of the wealth |
| 01:30:01 |
wound up in the hands |
| 01:30:10 |
People are suffering! |
| 01:30:12 |
People are hungry! |
| 01:30:14 |
We're not guerrillas! |
| 01:30:17 |
De la Rúa opts for repression: |
| 01:30:21 |
Two unemployed youths |
| 01:30:24 |
as a bridge |
| 01:30:27 |
3 "piqueteros" |
| 01:30:33 |
Never had an elected president |
| 01:30:36 |
caused so many deaths |
| 01:30:41 |
SOCIAL GENOCIDE |
| 01:31:30 |
Here, we foresaw exactly |
| 01:31:34 |
the effects of the austerity plans |
| 01:31:37 |
adopted by the country. |
| 01:31:41 |
of the era of Alfonsín, of Menem... |
| 01:31:44 |
These measures |
| 01:31:48 |
a huge number |
| 01:31:51 |
underfed kids with their families. |
| 01:31:54 |
We would say to each other: |
| 01:31:57 |
"This one, in 2 or 3 months, |
| 01:32:01 |
An incredible number |
| 01:32:05 |
We said: Enough! |
| 01:32:09 |
formed a major movement, |
| 01:32:12 |
and reached the whole country. |
| 01:32:15 |
But the policy continued. |
| 01:32:18 |
The policy of austerity... |
| 01:32:20 |
Each time it was like a stab |
| 01:32:24 |
We knew that |
| 01:32:28 |
the kids born then |
| 01:32:31 |
that a huge amount of them |
| 01:32:36 |
That's why we wrote |
| 01:32:40 |
"Others decide, |
| 01:32:43 |
When we started |
| 01:32:46 |
we translated books from English. |
| 01:32:50 |
We found some solutions there |
| 01:32:54 |
salts, and proteins. |
| 01:32:57 |
But we were so overcrowded, |
| 01:33:01 |
and then we read |
| 01:33:05 |
by a man called Juan P. Garrahan... |
| 01:33:08 |
He wrote: "Undernourishment |
| 01:33:11 |
"is a socio-economic |
| 01:33:15 |
that can be cured |
| 01:33:21 |
He doesn't say: |
| 01:33:27 |
That triggered things off, |
| 01:33:31 |
Why send |
| 01:33:35 |
What's the country doing? |
| 01:33:37 |
We had a scientific approach, |
| 01:33:40 |
but this year, |
| 01:33:44 |
Before, we had |
| 01:33:48 |
Now it's close to 80%. |
| 01:34:30 |
In garbage dumps, |
| 01:34:34 |
pregnant girls of 14 or 15, |
| 01:34:37 |
the kids called "nobody's kids", |
| 01:34:40 |
only eat every other day. |
| 01:34:42 |
Should I tell a 14-year old mother: |
| 01:34:45 |
"To fight your baby's diarrhea, |
| 01:34:48 |
"you need chicken, |
| 01:34:52 |
"clean water..." |
| 01:34:53 |
It's totally unethical, |
| 01:34:56 |
an inconceivable cruelty. |
| 01:34:59 |
How can I say that, |
| 01:35:02 |
These children live on garbage. |
| 01:35:05 |
The survivors of the 3rd generation |
| 01:35:09 |
are giving birth to these kids. |
| 01:35:12 |
A lot of kids die. |
| 01:35:15 |
Those that survive |
| 01:35:17 |
are smaller, weaker, |
| 01:35:22 |
But they're people like any others, |
| 01:35:27 |
To consider them... |
| 01:35:30 |
as a sub-species of society, |
| 01:35:34 |
is revolting. |
| 01:35:36 |
They're people like you and me. |
| 01:35:38 |
They have the same rights as others, |
| 01:35:41 |
they suffer like others, |
| 01:35:44 |
if their child dies or gets sick, |
| 01:35:47 |
they have a right to a home, |
| 01:35:51 |
and food daily, and a job. |
| 01:35:55 |
We speak of human rights... |
| 01:35:57 |
What rights do these people have, |
| 01:36:00 |
when they're put down this way? |
| 01:36:15 |
I really feel |
| 01:36:17 |
that a certain part of society |
| 01:36:20 |
wants to get rid of these people. |
| 01:36:23 |
As if they were bothered by them. |
| 01:36:26 |
What part? |
| 01:36:29 |
We know who: |
| 01:36:32 |
90% are paupers, |
| 01:36:36 |
That's not a system... |
| 01:36:39 |
I'm 54 and it's always the same. |
| 01:36:42 |
That same old austerity. |
| 01:36:44 |
They always go back |
| 01:36:47 |
They don't give a damn. |
| 01:36:50 |
And the kids |
| 01:36:51 |
have no place at the table |
| 01:36:55 |
The people we don't want to see |
| 01:36:58 |
are those who are born, |
| 01:37:02 |
without ID's, |
| 01:37:05 |
The other Argentina, |
| 01:37:08 |
Those who've been excluded, |
| 01:37:11 |
for whom nothing is done, |
| 01:37:14 |
who shouldn't be allowed |
| 01:37:17 |
who should be taken out |
| 01:37:20 |
of whom no one dares say yet: |
| 01:37:27 |
When our country |
| 01:37:30 |
produces enough commodities to feed |
| 01:37:34 |
300 million people, |
| 01:37:37 |
the level of poverty denounced |
| 01:37:40 |
in the film |
| 01:37:42 |
in the 1960s, |
| 01:37:44 |
never foresaw the incredible |
| 01:37:54 |
Curable diseases |
| 01:37:58 |
cause every day in Argentina |
| 01:38:00 |
the death of 55 children, |
| 01:38:03 |
35 youths and adults |
| 01:38:07 |
and 10 elderly people. |
| 01:38:09 |
An average |
| 01:39:37 |
The international organizations |
| 01:39:42 |
This country was held up |
| 01:39:44 |
as a model to follow. |
| 01:39:47 |
The IMF |
| 01:39:48 |
applauded Menem in Washington |
| 01:39:51 |
for the "Argentinean miracle." |
| 01:39:55 |
President, |
| 01:39:59 |
- For me, too. |
| 01:40:05 |
They say that a photo |
| 01:40:09 |
Come on... |
| 01:40:14 |
Our government's responsibility |
| 01:40:20 |
doesn't exonerate international |
| 01:40:24 |
the United States and Europe, |
| 01:40:26 |
or the unfair North-South |
| 01:40:32 |
These neo-racist programs |
| 01:40:35 |
that generated huge profits |
| 01:40:39 |
and the premature death |
| 01:40:44 |
are peacetime crimes |
| 01:40:49 |
Their authors |
| 01:40:52 |
cannot go unpunished. |
| 01:41:00 |
A quarter of century later, |
| 01:41:03 |
the economic results |
| 01:41:06 |
The public and private debt |
| 01:41:11 |
to 170 billion dollars, |
| 01:41:15 |
and 150 billion more |
| 01:41:19 |
and a similar sum |
| 01:41:24 |
Argentina lost another 150 billion |
| 01:41:29 |
because of agricultural subsidies |
| 01:41:34 |
Since 1999, |
| 01:41:37 |
growth is non-existent, |
| 01:41:39 |
and the country |
| 01:41:43 |
and bankruptcy. |
| 01:41:48 |
THE BEGINNING OF THE END |
| 01:41:55 |
Going over this memoir, |
| 01:41:57 |
it may appear |
| 01:42:03 |
that the plunderers won the day, |
| 01:42:07 |
and we are the losers. |
| 01:42:13 |
It's closer to the opposite: |
| 01:42:16 |
Neither the dictatorship, |
| 01:42:20 |
brought their projects to fruition, |
| 01:42:24 |
and the wealth they gave away |
| 01:42:29 |
It can be recovered. |
| 01:42:41 |
The neo-liberal model |
| 01:42:46 |
but those responsible |
| 01:42:51 |
Not the major public banks, |
| 01:42:53 |
or the big |
| 01:42:56 |
or the nuclear power plants, |
| 01:43:00 |
or Salto Grande, or Epec. |
| 01:43:20 |
Menem and De la Rúa |
| 01:43:22 |
weren't able |
| 01:43:28 |
or to silence the protests |
| 01:43:30 |
against mafioso and police crimes, |
| 01:43:35 |
or to stop the persistent action |
| 01:43:39 |
Grandmothers and Children |
| 01:44:00 |
A new spirit kept them at bay: |
| 01:44:03 |
That of all the struggles, |
| 01:44:08 |
in the social movements |
| 01:44:13 |
The local organizations, |
| 01:44:15 |
the "piqueteros", canteens, |
| 01:44:20 |
the occupation of land |
| 01:44:23 |
the huge nation-wide march |
| 01:44:27 |
national strikes... |
| 01:44:30 |
the CTA movement, |
| 01:44:33 |
the factories |
| 01:44:36 |
the successive demos of pensioners, |
| 01:44:40 |
the struggles of women farmhands, |
| 01:44:43 |
students and bank depositors, |
| 01:44:45 |
storekeepers, artists... |
| 01:44:48 |
It all led |
| 01:44:53 |
As on October 17, 1945 |
| 01:44:58 |
Argentinean history was changed. |
| 01:45:40 |
My heart has closed up tight |
| 01:45:43 |
so it can survive |
| 01:45:46 |
Living so I can save |
| 01:45:48 |
my skin, |
| 01:45:55 |
My soul is wasting away |
| 01:46:02 |
Don't think, don't protest |
| 01:46:05 |
Don't even try, don't interfere |
| 01:46:07 |
Anyway, nothing makes sense |
| 01:46:10 |
Our lives are preordained |
| 01:46:12 |
In this apocalyptic comedy |
| 01:46:16 |
We're all headed |
| 01:46:18 |
We're not eliminated |
| 01:46:21 |
Now we're told |
| 01:46:24 |
Asking questions without answers |
| 01:46:27 |
Protesting without hassling anyone |
| 01:46:30 |
Domesticated, neutralized, paralyzed |
| 01:46:33 |
When will we wake up? |
| 01:46:35 |
There's no work, |
| 01:46:37 |
Human dignity |
| 01:46:41 |
Everything's hanging |
| 01:46:43 |
What's difference |
| 01:46:46 |
I refuse to shut my mouth now |
| 01:46:48 |
I'm not here |
| 01:46:52 |
They haven't won yet, |
| 01:46:54 |
You got balls or not? |
| 01:46:57 |
I'm bug 'em, |
| 01:46:59 |
Friend I'm not scared |
| 01:47:02 |
And I encourage |
| 01:47:05 |
To join us in our struggle |
| 01:47:08 |
My heart has closed up tight |
| 01:47:11 |
so it can survive |
| 01:47:14 |
Living so I can save |
| 01:47:17 |
my skin, |
| 01:47:19 |
That's the bind we're in |
| 01:47:23 |
My soul's an empty shell |
| 01:47:28 |
I want a miracle |
| 01:47:31 |
I want a miracle |
| 01:47:34 |
Don't expect anything |
| 01:47:36 |
What we need |
| 01:47:39 |
I'm gonna talk and act, |
| 01:47:42 |
My poetry's |
| 01:47:45 |
and if it enters |
| 01:47:48 |
You put the vaseline there, pal... |
| 01:47:59 |
Dammit to hell! |
| 01:48:01 |
Let's kill 'em all! |
| 01:48:28 |
In the face |
| 01:48:30 |
let's not get carried away... |
| 01:48:35 |
President De la Rúa resigns |
| 01:48:57 |
"I'll only like |
| 01:49:00 |
"Cavallo and De la Rúa |
| 01:49:04 |
"when they are in jail!" |
| 01:49:08 |
34 deaths |
| 01:49:16 |
First Argentinean victory |
| 01:52:00 |
Carlos Menem pulls out |
| 01:52:03 |
in the 2003 presidential elections. |
| 01:52:05 |
Néstor Kirchner |
| 01:52:10 |
The information |
| 01:52:12 |
came from official Argentinean |
| 01:53:52 |
Subtitles: A. Whitelaw |
| 01:53:56 |
Subtitling Titra Film Paris |
