|
Mountain Gorilla
|
| 00:00:09 |
In the heart of Africa, straddling |
| 00:00:14 |
lies a remarkable mountain kingdom. |
| 00:00:22 |
It's home to the world's |
| 00:00:33 |
For over 50 years, |
| 00:00:36 |
of a brutal civil war, fuelled by |
| 00:00:43 |
Yet still they survive, |
| 00:00:47 |
from a dedicated group of people. |
| 00:00:51 |
A species in intensive care. |
| 00:00:57 |
Our cameras have been given |
| 00:01:00 |
to these amazing animals, |
| 00:01:10 |
We'll experience the challenge of |
| 00:01:15 |
the joy of growing up wild |
| 00:01:21 |
the love of a father |
| 00:01:27 |
And above all, |
| 00:01:29 |
the extraordinary battle to save |
| 00:02:06 |
For a million years, |
| 00:02:09 |
have dominated the heart of Africa. |
| 00:02:17 |
A volatile presence in a volatile region. |
| 00:02:33 |
On their lush slopes, |
| 00:02:36 |
lives the world's largest single |
| 00:02:46 |
Since Dian Fossey started |
| 00:02:50 |
here in Rwanda over 40 years ago, |
| 00:02:53 |
they've become one of the planet's |
| 00:03:10 |
April is a dangerous month |
| 00:03:17 |
The long rains arrive, |
| 00:03:20 |
into the bamboo zone |
| 00:03:27 |
It can be a perilous journey. |
| 00:03:30 |
The bamboo contains illegal snares |
| 00:03:36 |
but potentially lethal for gorillas. |
| 00:03:50 |
It's a worrying time |
| 00:03:54 |
who has trekked through the mist |
| 00:04:19 |
Continuing Fossey's work, |
| 00:04:24 |
every detail of the gorillas' lives |
| 00:04:35 |
Today he's on the trail of |
| 00:04:44 |
...the leader of the biggest |
| 00:05:01 |
This 46-strong group contains |
| 00:05:08 |
adolescent blackbacks... |
| 00:05:13 |
...and a tiny newborn baby, |
| 00:05:16 |
just hours old. |
| 00:05:22 |
At 32, Cantsbee is one of the most |
| 00:05:27 |
since the research programme started |
| 00:05:30 |
He was even named by Dian herself. |
| 00:05:42 |
Everybody thought that Puck, |
| 00:05:48 |
until the day she gave birth. |
| 00:05:50 |
And when they told Dian Fossey, |
| 00:05:53 |
So, from that day on, |
| 00:06:01 |
Three decades on, the bloodline continues. |
| 00:06:21 |
The clouds are building. |
| 00:06:23 |
Soon Felix will follow the family |
| 00:06:26 |
down the slopes towards the bamboo, |
| 00:06:46 |
This privileged insight |
| 00:06:49 |
only because of Fossey's pioneering work |
| 00:06:54 |
in which humans spend |
| 00:06:58 |
until they're completely accepted. |
| 00:07:20 |
40km north of the Virungas |
| 00:07:33 |
It's home to the rest of |
| 00:07:41 |
...and to a scientist carrying the work |
| 00:07:49 |
...American Martha Robbins. |
| 00:08:01 |
Bwindi contains only |
| 00:08:05 |
and there are another 380, 400 |
| 00:08:09 |
We could put the entire population |
| 00:08:14 |
It might be difficult |
| 00:08:18 |
And when you think about |
| 00:08:21 |
every birth really does matter, |
| 00:08:25 |
to maintaining this very unique, |
| 00:08:35 |
Like Fossey in Rwanda, |
| 00:08:38 |
mountain gorillas to her presence. |
| 00:08:45 |
Now, after a dozen painstaking years, |
| 00:08:48 |
the 14 animals in her research group |
| 00:09:03 |
At the moment, |
| 00:09:06 |
in a 15-year-old junior silverback, |
| 00:09:11 |
an ape at a crossroads in his life. |
| 00:09:20 |
Marembo's really at that age |
| 00:09:23 |
a big, mature silverback, but |
| 00:09:30 |
One of the things that's really nice |
| 00:09:32 |
of very different age playing |
| 00:09:35 |
is that the older ones |
| 00:09:40 |
They'll play quite gently |
| 00:09:53 |
Marembo isn't a child any more. |
| 00:09:56 |
For several weeks, he's been |
| 00:10:04 |
He seems ready to break from his family |
| 00:10:10 |
But it's a big decision. |
| 00:10:15 |
And like a human teenager |
| 00:10:19 |
he feels torn. |
| 00:10:35 |
The Rwandan town of Ruhengeri |
| 00:10:39 |
is the centre for all gorilla operations. |
| 00:10:50 |
The National Park headquarters is here. |
| 00:10:59 |
And the Karisoke Study Center... |
| 00:11:03 |
...a hive of activity for trackers, |
| 00:11:07 |
and research scientists like Felix. |
| 00:11:14 |
It's also the headquarters of |
| 00:11:20 |
...a team of skilled specialists |
| 00:11:23 |
the health of every known gorilla. |
| 00:11:31 |
Their work extends |
| 00:11:34 |
that share the world's |
| 00:11:44 |
On the Rwandan side, |
| 00:11:51 |
She's a small three-year-old female |
| 00:11:54 |
and never strays far from |
| 00:11:57 |
one of the oldest silverbacks |
| 00:12:09 |
It's a touching relationship, |
| 00:12:12 |
but the youngster's life |
| 00:12:15 |
Recently, as Kwitonda tried to prevent |
| 00:12:20 |
Umoja was caught in the crossfire |
| 00:12:32 |
Her life was saved only by the timely |
| 00:12:41 |
Here was Umoja, |
| 00:12:46 |
and intestines |
| 00:12:52 |
She was bitten |
| 00:12:54 |
fell down, was bitten again. |
| 00:12:56 |
So they were pretty sure |
| 00:13:02 |
Magda operated on the spot, |
| 00:13:07 |
who gently nursed her |
| 00:13:11 |
Because what we've done |
| 00:13:15 |
without what she has done, there was |
| 00:13:26 |
But this wasn't |
| 00:13:34 |
Before she'd completely recovered, |
| 00:13:36 |
her mother deserted the group |
| 00:13:43 |
...leaving Kwitonda as Umoja's sole carer. |
| 00:13:54 |
A female gorilla would normally |
| 00:13:58 |
to her offspring for up to five years. |
| 00:14:03 |
This is a big job for the male. |
| 00:14:07 |
The gorilla vets |
| 00:14:10 |
are now keeping an intense watch on |
| 00:14:18 |
They know that as the rains arrive |
| 00:14:22 |
she'll miss the warmth of her mother. |
| 00:15:03 |
In the Virungas of Rwanda, the world's |
| 00:15:07 |
led by silverback Cantsbee, |
| 00:15:12 |
towards the bamboo zone |
| 00:15:33 |
As the clouds roll in, it will bring rain, |
| 00:15:42 |
But there are dangers here. |
| 00:15:54 |
Beyond the bamboo is the most |
| 00:15:59 |
with an average of 350 people |
| 00:16:12 |
The gorillas are encircled by humanity. |
| 00:16:15 |
The two forest islands |
| 00:16:19 |
are under enormous pressure. |
| 00:16:27 |
When the gorillas get close to people, |
| 00:16:36 |
...and the risk of being caught |
| 00:16:53 |
Gorillas go to the bamboo zone |
| 00:16:56 |
at the beginning of the rainy seasons, |
| 00:17:02 |
So this is when they leave |
| 00:17:06 |
to feed on the bamboo, |
| 00:17:11 |
The gorilla patriarch must be careful. |
| 00:17:16 |
The danger from |
| 00:17:25 |
With 46 gorillas to protect, |
| 00:17:38 |
He has support |
| 00:17:48 |
...and eight feisty |
| 00:18:00 |
...not all of whom can be trusted. |
| 00:18:07 |
This young blackback |
| 00:18:12 |
It's a privilege normally reserved |
| 00:18:26 |
But Cantsbee needs |
| 00:18:30 |
and sex is a powerful incentive |
| 00:18:32 |
to keep them in line |
| 00:18:39 |
The dominant silverback needs |
| 00:18:43 |
from the outside world. |
| 00:19:01 |
The family are entering the bamboo zone... |
| 00:19:10 |
...and they have company. |
| 00:19:57 |
Fortunately, in this case it's |
| 00:20:02 |
acting on a tip-off |
| 00:20:06 |
Most of the snares are actually found |
| 00:20:13 |
They are very, very difficult to spot. |
| 00:20:16 |
They have to, you know, |
| 00:20:25 |
We destroy around 1,000 snares each year. |
| 00:20:31 |
People come in the forest |
| 00:20:37 |
for buffaloes, for antelopes, but gorillas |
| 00:20:47 |
Poaching has always been |
| 00:20:59 |
In 1977, Dian Fossey's favourite gorilla, |
| 00:21:03 |
was murdered and decapitated by poachers |
| 00:21:13 |
Things have improved since then, |
| 00:21:36 |
In Uganda, teenage silverback Marembo |
| 00:21:40 |
have moved into the trees. |
| 00:21:50 |
Unlike their cousins 40km away in Rwanda, |
| 00:21:55 |
these gorillas spend |
| 00:21:57 |
and it's where they find |
| 00:22:02 |
That means |
| 00:22:49 |
Junior silverback Marembo |
| 00:22:53 |
his eyes fixed on the dominant male. |
| 00:22:59 |
In a group of this size, |
| 00:23:05 |
...and a teenager can feel |
| 00:23:11 |
Males have sort of two strategies as to |
| 00:23:16 |
They can either leave the group |
| 00:23:20 |
and try to attract females and form |
| 00:23:23 |
dominant from within the group, |
| 00:23:27 |
they'll try to outrank the dominant male. |
| 00:23:44 |
Mating rights are monopolised |
| 00:23:50 |
...and since the leader has |
| 00:23:53 |
Marembo isn't permitted access |
| 00:24:06 |
It's quite likely they'll mate |
| 00:24:09 |
once every hour and a half, |
| 00:24:18 |
If the junior silverback |
| 00:24:22 |
his best option is to leave. |
| 00:24:40 |
In Rwanda, abandoned infant Umoja |
| 00:24:53 |
Since her mother left the group |
| 00:24:57 |
she's become completely dependent |
| 00:25:03 |
Kwitonda is an experienced silverback, |
| 00:25:05 |
but he's relatively new to Rwanda, |
| 00:25:09 |
with his family six years ago. |
| 00:25:18 |
The land he left behind has seen |
| 00:25:28 |
In 2007, a gorilla family |
| 00:25:34 |
...their deaths almost certainly |
| 00:25:38 |
for the forest's precious resources. |
| 00:25:55 |
Many of Kwitonda's family |
| 00:26:00 |
Missing fingers and limbs |
| 00:26:05 |
bristling with snares. |
| 00:26:20 |
But at the moment, |
| 00:26:24 |
and for the veterinary team that |
| 00:26:35 |
An infant of this age |
| 00:26:38 |
Almost every life skill needed |
| 00:26:42 |
is taught by females in an education |
| 00:26:54 |
A three-year-old should also keep |
| 00:26:58 |
with its mother, who will shield it from |
| 00:27:14 |
The quality of her father's childcare |
| 00:27:17 |
could make the difference |
| 00:27:44 |
A storm is brewing |
| 00:28:17 |
It can rain here at any time, |
| 00:28:20 |
but from February to May, |
| 00:28:38 |
On the lower slopes of the volcanoes, |
| 00:28:42 |
are already producing new shoots. |
| 00:28:59 |
Cantsbee must remain vigilant. |
| 00:29:04 |
His 46-strong family is within metres |
| 00:29:09 |
and in danger from illegal snares. |
| 00:29:17 |
For now, though, he eats. |
| 00:29:19 |
It's something a gorilla needs to do |
| 00:29:35 |
Bamboo on its own |
| 00:29:38 |
They need to mix it with other plants |
| 00:29:50 |
Bindweed is another popular delicacy. |
| 00:29:56 |
Cantsbee rolls it into a neat wrap |
| 00:30:08 |
But this is a surprisingly |
| 00:30:15 |
You must remember to keep |
| 00:30:40 |
It's five in the afternoon, |
| 00:30:46 |
The weather is closing in. |
| 00:30:54 |
Adult gorillas rely on their shaggy coats |
| 00:30:57 |
to keep them warm |
| 00:31:01 |
But infants need a mother's embrace, |
| 00:31:04 |
and that's one thing |
| 00:31:14 |
Since her mother left, she's been |
| 00:31:22 |
But the park's veterinary team |
| 00:31:27 |
The pair are under constant surveillance. |
| 00:31:40 |
Mountain gorillas care |
| 00:31:43 |
in an extraordinarily loving way. |
| 00:31:52 |
The bonds between |
| 00:31:56 |
are the most powerful of all, |
| 00:31:59 |
will go to incredible lengths |
| 00:32:06 |
Now Umoja must survive the first |
| 00:32:15 |
At three years old, |
| 00:32:17 |
Umoja should be getting lessons |
| 00:32:31 |
But since she left, only Kwitonda |
| 00:32:54 |
For the older, |
| 00:32:56 |
branches are folded over to make |
| 00:33:01 |
This gets them away from the cold ground |
| 00:33:04 |
and puts a whole range of foods |
| 00:33:06 |
in case they get hungry in the night. |
| 00:33:15 |
But it's a skill |
| 00:33:19 |
He's too heavy for the trees |
| 00:33:38 |
While the other infants |
| 00:33:41 |
Umoja struggles to complete |
| 00:33:49 |
As the storm approaches |
| 00:33:52 |
Umoja is ill-equipped |
| 00:34:12 |
This is no night for a three-year-old |
| 00:34:53 |
The rains have also arrived in Uganda, |
| 00:34:57 |
where scientist Martha Robbins |
| 00:35:10 |
Young silverback Marembo has vanished. |
| 00:35:16 |
He's made the brave decision to break |
| 00:36:17 |
A new day dawns |
| 00:36:52 |
It's 6am, and the veterinary team |
| 00:36:54 |
is making its way back towards the spot |
| 00:36:59 |
The whole team is worried about |
| 00:37:11 |
Gorillas often wake late |
| 00:37:15 |
All around, mothers and their infants |
| 00:37:20 |
But there's no sign of Umoja. |
| 00:37:32 |
Her silverback father, Kwitonda, |
| 00:37:36 |
His huge bulk has kept him warm |
| 00:37:40 |
and he seems reluctant |
| 00:37:46 |
He's not alone. |
| 00:37:54 |
Umoja is at his side. |
| 00:38:14 |
The motherless infant must have |
| 00:38:17 |
to share her father's warmth. |
| 00:38:29 |
Umoja gently grooms her father, |
| 00:38:34 |
that the pair are building. |
| 00:38:43 |
The little gorilla still has |
| 00:38:46 |
but Kwitonda is growing into his role |
| 00:39:05 |
In Uganda, |
| 00:39:07 |
the missing junior silverback. |
| 00:39:14 |
Martha Robbins temporarily |
| 00:39:17 |
to travel to the far side of the forest. |
| 00:39:19 |
Here, a new family of gorillas |
| 00:39:29 |
Getting gorillas used to humans |
| 00:39:37 |
They're not naturally |
| 00:39:42 |
...but they won't tolerate people |
| 00:39:47 |
as the park staff here know only too well. |
| 00:39:51 |
You don't know |
| 00:39:54 |
They come charging |
| 00:39:57 |
and that's the silverback, usually. |
| 00:39:59 |
It comes, the dominant silverback, |
| 00:40:06 |
This group demands caution. |
| 00:40:09 |
At 34 strong, they're the largest family |
| 00:40:13 |
with no less than four huge silverbacks. |
| 00:40:19 |
Martha and the team |
| 00:40:23 |
Aaah! |
| 00:40:25 |
They move in, making reassuring noises. |
| 00:40:33 |
The family is now |
| 00:40:58 |
That's an alarm bark, a fear bark, |
| 00:41:00 |
so there are some quite close. |
| 00:41:12 |
After the first aggressive reaction, |
| 00:41:18 |
The team move forward. |
| 00:41:28 |
They're all watching us all the time. |
| 00:41:32 |
It's like if you have new visitors |
| 00:41:35 |
you'd be very wary |
| 00:41:47 |
The photographs record |
| 00:41:55 |
Eventually, they'll be given names too. |
| 00:42:02 |
Martha will advise the National Park team |
| 00:42:05 |
are ready to meet visitors. |
| 00:42:09 |
But for that to happen, |
| 00:42:14 |
- The gorillas are used to the uniform. |
| 00:42:18 |
So now we have to get, |
| 00:42:21 |
so that they try to get used to |
| 00:42:41 |
The reaction of a mature female suggests |
| 00:42:43 |
they aren't quite ready |
| 00:42:45 |
But over the next few months, the gentle |
| 00:42:50 |
until the silverback is as relaxed |
| 00:43:09 |
Tourist visits have become |
| 00:43:13 |
in the forest and the volcanoes. |
| 00:43:19 |
It was an idea Dian Fossey |
| 00:43:27 |
But over the years, carefully managed |
| 00:43:32 |
with the revenue |
| 00:43:35 |
and a critical income for the people, |
| 00:43:38 |
many of whom live |
| 00:44:01 |
In Rwanda, single father Kwitonda |
| 00:44:04 |
are crossing the park's boundary wall. |
| 00:44:15 |
Motherless infant Umoja follows |
| 00:44:19 |
ready to taste a new food. |
| 00:44:24 |
The three-year-old is now fixed |
| 00:44:31 |
But there's a difficult road ahead. |
| 00:44:33 |
Half of all infants fail |
| 00:44:37 |
and the lack of a mother's care means |
| 00:44:49 |
The attraction here is eucalyptus sap, |
| 00:45:04 |
Just 5km away, |
| 00:45:09 |
have also crossed the wall. |
| 00:45:19 |
But there's a problem. |
| 00:45:22 |
Felix has found a gorilla |
| 00:45:33 |
She's lying alone, curled up in a ball. |
| 00:45:43 |
Nyandwi, Cantsbee's sister. |
| 00:45:49 |
She's laying down and not doing anything, |
| 00:45:51 |
and this is, like, not a feeding session, |
| 00:45:54 |
you can see that she's left behind when |
| 00:46:00 |
Separated from her family, |
| 00:46:04 |
Cantsbee's sister is in the heart |
| 00:46:08 |
with no protection. |
| 00:46:13 |
Since Felix can't stay in this part |
| 00:46:16 |
he can only hope that the female gorilla |
| 00:46:45 |
Not far away, the anti-poaching team |
| 00:46:54 |
For many hours, |
| 00:47:05 |
In her forest home in Uganda, |
| 00:47:07 |
Martha records another day without |
| 00:47:35 |
At daybreak in Rwanda, |
| 00:47:37 |
sweeping the park for the illegal snares |
| 00:47:56 |
But, for one young female, |
| 00:48:10 |
The sick female, |
| 00:48:14 |
managed to rejoin the group. |
| 00:48:16 |
But as she passed through the bamboo zone, |
| 00:48:19 |
she caught her arm |
| 00:48:21 |
If it isn't removed, |
| 00:48:24 |
and possibly even her life. |
| 00:48:27 |
Fortunately, Dr Lucy Spelman from |
| 00:48:32 |
has joined the team. |
| 00:48:45 |
Before the snare rope can be cut |
| 00:48:48 |
Dr Spelman needs to immobilise her |
| 00:48:53 |
That's not an easy task. |
| 00:49:00 |
Intervening in a group of this size |
| 00:49:08 |
Silverback Cantsbee is supported |
| 00:49:13 |
all willing to put their lives on the line |
| 00:49:19 |
If they become suspicious of Dr Spelman |
| 00:49:30 |
This is a serious operation, and each |
| 00:49:45 |
But, for the procedure itself, |
| 00:49:50 |
Fortunately, she's a wildlife vet |
| 00:50:07 |
Dr Spelman is now within |
| 00:50:14 |
Cantsbee rests further down the slope, |
| 00:50:19 |
the rope snare clearly visible |
| 00:51:08 |
Dr Spelman's taken the shot, but |
| 00:51:12 |
and hasn't received the anaesthetic. |
| 00:51:21 |
Many hours of careful manoeuvres |
| 00:51:24 |
if the young gorilla's life |
| 00:51:43 |
In Uganda, Martha Robbins is on the trail |
| 00:51:53 |
He's now been absent for a week, |
| 00:51:55 |
a sure sign that he's finally made |
| 00:52:08 |
The group have made their way |
| 00:52:12 |
but there's no sign of Marembo |
| 00:52:29 |
The leafy curtains part, |
| 00:52:34 |
It's the dominant silverback, |
| 00:52:38 |
Could his mood be linked |
| 00:52:58 |
For now, the group has |
| 00:53:06 |
Now Marembo will eke out |
| 00:53:10 |
in the leafy depths of the forest, until, |
| 00:53:20 |
For Martha, it's a poignant moment. |
| 00:53:24 |
She's known this young silverback |
| 00:53:33 |
Yet she can't help hoping |
| 00:53:36 |
I bet we'll see him a little bit |
| 00:53:41 |
It's very difficult to be |
| 00:53:45 |
He's got a few rough years ahead of him, |
| 00:53:47 |
being a solitary male |
| 00:53:49 |
but I think he's got a fair chance. |
| 00:54:16 |
In Rwanda, Felix is heading out early. |
| 00:54:18 |
He's hoping to catch up |
| 00:54:21 |
who was caught in the illegal snare. |
| 00:54:31 |
There's good news. Dr Spelman |
| 00:54:36 |
and remove the snare. |
| 00:54:48 |
The family is heading back |
| 00:55:04 |
There's a familiar gorilla up ahead. |
| 00:55:09 |
It's Cantsbee's sister, |
| 00:55:12 |
This is Nyandwi here, and she's doing well |
| 00:55:17 |
She's back in the group, she's feeding, |
| 00:55:25 |
It's a great outcome for the team. |
| 00:55:27 |
A mountain gorilla has been saved, |
| 00:55:29 |
and Cantsbee's family is still 46 strong. |
| 00:55:44 |
Further down the volcano, |
| 00:55:48 |
to lead his family away from the bamboo. |
| 00:55:57 |
Following the silverback |
| 00:56:07 |
She sits removed from the others, |
| 00:56:20 |
This should mean certain death |
| 00:56:24 |
Any dominant silverback would kill |
| 00:56:31 |
Yet Kwitonda has not reacted. |
| 00:56:38 |
But this female is no stranger. |
| 00:56:48 |
It's Umoja's wayward mother, who |
| 00:56:54 |
but she left pregnant with his child. |
| 00:56:59 |
Now she's returned |
| 00:57:10 |
The hands-on father has a new son, |
| 00:57:20 |
How things develop now |
| 00:57:28 |
But one thing is certain... |
| 00:57:33 |
...the bond between the little gorilla |
| 00:57:36 |
will remain strong |
| 00:57:50 |
Next time on Mountain Gorilla... |
| 00:57:54 |
...the last stand of the silverback king. |
| 00:57:58 |
Titus, the oldest silverback |
| 00:58:01 |
faces his destiny in a brutal showdown |
| 00:58:07 |
He struggles to protect |
| 00:58:10 |
as the hostile intruder piles on |
| 00:58:19 |
Felix can do nothing but watch |
| 00:58:25 |
Titus's challenger is his son. |
| 00:00:11 |
straddling the borders of Rwanda, |
| 00:00:14 |
lies a remarkable mountain kingdom. |
| 00:00:22 |
It's home to the world's last 700 |
| 00:00:33 |
With so few left, |
| 00:00:35 |
they require constant surveillance |
| 00:00:45 |
Our cameras have been given |
| 00:00:48 |
to these amazing animals by the people |
| 00:00:58 |
In this programme, we'll discover |
| 00:01:07 |
Every group needs one... |
| 00:01:11 |
...every male aspires to be one... |
| 00:01:15 |
...the true leaders of the gorilla world. |
| 00:01:23 |
Join us as a teenage silverback fights |
| 00:01:28 |
An orphan's fate hangs in the balance. |
| 00:01:34 |
And the world's most successful silverback |
| 00:01:37 |
faces the biggest challenge of his life. |
| 00:01:59 |
Of the world's last 700 mountain gorillas, |
| 00:02:03 |
less than 65 are dominant silverbacks... |
| 00:02:13 |
...every male gorilla's ultimate aim. |
| 00:02:36 |
And it's a prize worth fighting for... |
| 00:02:42 |
...the right to father |
| 00:02:59 |
Some males will never succeed. |
| 00:03:03 |
But that doesn't stop them trying. |
| 00:03:09 |
And no-one stays at the top for ever. |
| 00:03:18 |
From these 65 dominant silverbacks, |
| 00:03:21 |
one has remained at the top for longer |
| 00:03:33 |
The true king of the volcanoes. |
| 00:03:42 |
His name is Titus, |
| 00:03:44 |
and today is his 35th birthday. |
| 00:03:54 |
Titus is now the oldest known silverback |
| 00:04:07 |
But his years as a great leader |
| 00:04:14 |
A silverback is only as successful |
| 00:04:20 |
...and Titus's group has been decimated. |
| 00:04:30 |
Three years ago, Titus led his group of 25 |
| 00:04:33 |
to the very top of their volcano. |
| 00:04:48 |
He was driven there by a rival silverback |
| 00:04:51 |
set on taking Titus's crown. |
| 00:04:58 |
On top of their volcano kingdom, |
| 00:05:04 |
...between Titus, |
| 00:05:07 |
the older, more experienced king, |
| 00:05:10 |
and the younger, stronger silverback. |
| 00:05:30 |
19 of his followers left |
| 00:05:42 |
Just six gorillas chose |
| 00:05:56 |
Three years on, and Titus is about to face |
| 00:06:13 |
This time, the threat will come |
| 00:06:16 |
much closer to him |
| 00:06:31 |
Chest beats can carry |
| 00:06:37 |
They allow males to assess |
| 00:06:47 |
Somewhere out there |
| 00:06:51 |
and he's heading Titus's way. |
| 00:07:08 |
40 kilometres north, |
| 00:07:14 |
...there's a silverback at |
| 00:07:26 |
Rukina is in his prime. |
| 00:07:32 |
At 25 years of age, |
| 00:07:36 |
with the confidence of a born leader. |
| 00:07:48 |
Rukina's home is Bwindi |
| 00:07:53 |
Smaller than the Isle of Wight, |
| 00:07:55 |
and higher |
| 00:07:59 |
it's home to about half |
| 00:08:06 |
Bwindi lies in southern Uganda... |
| 00:08:11 |
...just 40 kilometres north |
| 00:08:15 |
where Titus and the other half |
| 00:08:37 |
On Rukina's trail is Martha Robbins... |
| 00:08:41 |
...a pioneering scientist |
| 00:08:46 |
to studying the world's |
| 00:08:52 |
I realise I definitely don't have |
| 00:08:56 |
My commute involves walking |
| 00:08:58 |
and this is the most amazing office |
| 00:09:06 |
Martha was the first researcher to gain |
| 00:09:12 |
and today, she's still the only scientist |
| 00:09:19 |
Research is important for many reasons |
| 00:09:23 |
We need to understand their ecology, |
| 00:09:28 |
and just how they develop over time |
| 00:09:36 |
Martha meticulously documents |
| 00:09:42 |
But she's particularly interested |
| 00:09:51 |
One of the aspects that interests me |
| 00:09:58 |
All males, when they become adult, |
| 00:10:02 |
So all males become silverback, |
| 00:10:04 |
but not all males become |
| 00:10:09 |
I sort of view it as, you know, |
| 00:10:10 |
in a business, |
| 00:10:13 |
So becoming a dominant silverback's |
| 00:10:20 |
Rukina is a silverback |
| 00:10:31 |
It's the start of the dry season, |
| 00:10:33 |
and he's leading the group |
| 00:10:42 |
They'll eat over 20 kilograms |
| 00:10:52 |
Rukina has guided them well... |
| 00:10:56 |
...and the gorillas sing with delight |
| 00:11:11 |
On the outskirts of the group, |
| 00:11:20 |
It's junior silverback Marembo... |
| 00:11:25 |
...a teenage male |
| 00:11:34 |
He's a gorilla Martha knows well. |
| 00:11:40 |
Until a few months ago, Marembo |
| 00:11:46 |
a fine role model |
| 00:11:55 |
But on becoming a teenager, |
| 00:12:03 |
...and he struck out alone in search |
| 00:12:17 |
Now he's back to try his luck |
| 00:12:24 |
Martha doesn't fancy his chances. |
| 00:12:29 |
Rukina's definitely still in his prime. |
| 00:12:32 |
Marembo's about 14, 15 years old, |
| 00:12:35 |
and he's got a way to go |
| 00:12:45 |
With his raging hormones |
| 00:12:49 |
Marembo's return |
| 00:12:56 |
And no-one quite knows |
| 00:13:13 |
While Martha's research in Uganda |
| 00:13:17 |
further south, on the Rwandan volcanoes, |
| 00:13:21 |
a much larger operation is in action. |
| 00:13:31 |
Every day, teams of trackers, |
| 00:13:35 |
climb the volcanoes to collect |
| 00:13:37 |
behavioural data from the nine |
| 00:13:46 |
The teams are from Karisoke Research |
| 00:13:51 |
solely to study mountain gorillas. |
| 00:14:03 |
Come rain or shine, |
| 00:14:08 |
on Sundays, holidays and even Christmas, |
| 00:14:10 |
making them some |
| 00:14:19 |
Only through detailed, |
| 00:14:23 |
can the lives of mountain gorillas |
| 00:14:30 |
...and this precious population preserved. |
| 00:14:45 |
At the head of this 70-strong team |
| 00:15:11 |
Felix is on his way to see |
| 00:15:20 |
Felix has met the mystery silverback |
| 00:15:26 |
He's young, strong and alone. |
| 00:15:35 |
Felix knows if this silverback meets |
| 00:15:44 |
Always, you don't know |
| 00:15:48 |
You know, sometimes |
| 00:15:50 |
they will fight and bite each other. |
| 00:15:58 |
Just 100 metres away, |
| 00:16:03 |
...oblivious to the impending threat. |
| 00:16:15 |
Titus may be old, |
| 00:16:25 |
He's survived through |
| 00:16:31 |
...each one recorded |
| 00:16:34 |
since the very day he was born. |
| 00:16:42 |
From these notes, we can reconstruct |
| 00:16:54 |
When Titus was four years old, |
| 00:16:57 |
barely weaned from his mother's milk, |
| 00:16:59 |
he witnessed the brutal murder |
| 00:17:09 |
The great silverback |
| 00:17:11 |
was shot in the chest while defending |
| 00:17:25 |
The group was sent into turmoil. |
| 00:17:27 |
Without a dominant silverback, the |
| 00:17:33 |
In the chaos, Titus's mother fled. |
| 00:17:40 |
The four-year-old Titus was orphaned. |
| 00:17:45 |
Everyone believed |
| 00:18:04 |
But Titus didn't die. |
| 00:18:14 |
He was adopted |
| 00:18:23 |
The silverback |
| 00:18:27 |
He was offered shelter and protected |
| 00:18:35 |
Titus is a born survivor, |
| 00:18:37 |
and he grew to be a great |
| 00:18:51 |
Today, Titus has |
| 00:18:56 |
But he's a grandfather figure, |
| 00:19:07 |
In a remarkable twist of fate, |
| 00:19:12 |
whose mother has left the group. |
| 00:19:24 |
This orphan is alone in the world, |
| 00:19:32 |
...entirely dependent on the ageing |
| 00:19:37 |
and, above all, protection. |
| 00:19:46 |
But Titus's age |
| 00:19:54 |
The approaching silverback will attempt |
| 00:19:59 |
...and could kill an infant |
| 00:20:11 |
The orphan's survival depends |
| 00:20:15 |
to remain at the head of his group, |
| 00:20:18 |
and fight off this impending threat. |
| 00:20:59 |
Martha leaves her house |
| 00:21:03 |
and heads to where she left |
| 00:21:08 |
a walk of anything from 90 minutes |
| 00:21:48 |
Martha's keen to catch up |
| 00:21:52 |
last seen following Rukina |
| 00:22:02 |
On the edge of the group, |
| 00:22:05 |
lying in the shade. |
| 00:22:10 |
It's the teenager, Marembo, |
| 00:22:16 |
have already come to blows. |
| 00:22:18 |
You can see the bite wound |
| 00:22:30 |
He's had a tough time of his life. |
| 00:22:34 |
He would like to be dominant, |
| 00:22:36 |
a long way to go |
| 00:22:40 |
And Rukina's really in his prime, |
| 00:22:42 |
so he may try and stay on the edge, |
| 00:22:46 |
We'll have to see. |
| 00:22:52 |
While young Marembo sulks |
| 00:22:54 |
dominant silverback Rukina |
| 00:23:04 |
Dead wood. |
| 00:23:12 |
The wood is high in sodium, |
| 00:23:19 |
As the gorillas gather, it gives Martha |
| 00:23:22 |
a chance to have a look at |
| 00:23:30 |
Sometimes you'll see somebody |
| 00:23:32 |
and you think they're just resting, |
| 00:23:34 |
but actually they're waiting their turn. |
| 00:23:38 |
Marembo keeps a respectful distance |
| 00:23:46 |
He's very much bottom of the pile. |
| 00:23:52 |
Even the females rank above him. |
| 00:23:58 |
If Marembo stands any chance |
| 00:24:02 |
he needs to start at the bottom |
| 00:24:10 |
And he's spotted his first target. |
| 00:24:19 |
This male was orphaned as an infant. |
| 00:24:22 |
He's the most timid member |
| 00:24:29 |
It's teenage Marembo's big moment. |
| 00:24:41 |
He positions himself between the male |
| 00:24:46 |
It's a cheap trick |
| 00:24:56 |
Eventually, |
| 00:25:04 |
For Marembo, it's a small triumph. |
| 00:25:07 |
At least he's dominant over someone! |
| 00:25:14 |
One gorilla down, 13 to go. |
| 00:25:28 |
Back on the volcanoes, |
| 00:25:30 |
Felix is on his way to find |
| 00:25:39 |
But there's trouble. |
| 00:25:54 |
The big, challenging silverback |
| 00:25:59 |
He's set on one thing... |
| 00:26:07 |
...seizing Titus's throne. |
| 00:26:29 |
The intruder displays |
| 00:26:37 |
But Titus can't be intimidated. |
| 00:26:40 |
If he gave up now, |
| 00:26:42 |
the rival silverback would kill |
| 00:26:53 |
The orphan must stay |
| 00:27:00 |
But Felix knows the gorilla king |
| 00:27:08 |
Titus is old. |
| 00:27:12 |
and you can see that his movement, |
| 00:27:21 |
Titus now faces |
| 00:27:27 |
There are two options. One is run, |
| 00:27:36 |
The old leader is wise and he's brave. |
| 00:27:41 |
In a rare display of strength, |
| 00:27:57 |
Silverback king Titus isn't going |
| 00:28:10 |
While Titus faces |
| 00:28:16 |
in Bwindi |
| 00:28:45 |
All the inhabitants are ranging further |
| 00:29:27 |
Rukina and his group have been forced |
| 00:29:48 |
Oh, he's got a big cut. |
| 00:29:52 |
Oh, he's got a very big cut |
| 00:29:56 |
That has to hurt. |
| 00:30:00 |
Marembo's right here, |
| 00:30:01 |
and he's got a very big, new bite |
| 00:30:07 |
It's maybe about this long, |
| 00:30:19 |
Marembo's deep wounds |
| 00:30:21 |
look to be made by the sharp canine teeth |
| 00:30:29 |
But these wounds |
| 00:30:37 |
Martha follows the trampled vegetation |
| 00:30:49 |
It's a gorilla she doesn't recognise. |
| 00:30:53 |
It's definitely not Rukina. |
| 00:31:00 |
And he's not alone. |
| 00:31:04 |
Four hostile silverbacks |
| 00:31:22 |
Rival males will fight to steal females... |
| 00:31:27 |
...and it looks like teenage Marembo |
| 00:31:29 |
got injured trying to prove himself |
| 00:31:36 |
But Marembo isn't the only gorilla |
| 00:31:45 |
Martha spots the youngest member |
| 00:31:50 |
and his mother, Tinda. |
| 00:32:00 |
Silverbacks will kill infants |
| 00:32:06 |
...an act known as infanticide. |
| 00:32:11 |
Killing Ponoka would enable them |
| 00:32:15 |
and sire offspring of their own. |
| 00:32:27 |
Ponoka and his mother |
| 00:32:31 |
to one of the rival silverbacks. |
| 00:32:35 |
It's the dominant male |
| 00:32:38 |
With Tindamanyere and Ponoka being |
| 00:32:44 |
at that age, to infanticide. |
| 00:33:14 |
On the volcanoes, |
| 00:33:25 |
He's received worrying news. |
| 00:33:29 |
Titus and the rival silverback |
| 00:33:41 |
The gorilla king |
| 00:33:45 |
...but his rival is nursing |
| 00:33:52 |
...wounds made by Titus. |
| 00:34:09 |
Finally, Felix gets a good look |
| 00:34:15 |
He recognises his face. |
| 00:34:20 |
It's Rano... |
| 00:34:26 |
...Titus's son. |
| 00:34:32 |
Banished from the group three years ago, |
| 00:34:35 |
he's now returned from the wilderness |
| 00:34:48 |
In the years he's been gone, |
| 00:35:02 |
Rano piles on the pressure. |
| 00:35:12 |
Titus keeps him at arm's length. |
| 00:35:24 |
But Titus is too old |
| 00:35:31 |
...and he's left with one option. |
| 00:35:40 |
He must flee... |
| 00:35:46 |
...and his small but loyal group follows. |
| 00:35:55 |
The long pursuit begins. |
| 00:36:20 |
Felix knows that Rano aims to drive |
| 00:36:24 |
then take the group himself. |
| 00:36:28 |
Sometimes he's behind them, |
| 00:36:32 |
They're going to keep moving. |
| 00:36:38 |
The little orphan |
| 00:36:43 |
There'll be no time to eat |
| 00:36:45 |
and no time to rest. |
| 00:37:16 |
But Titus can't keep running for ever. |
| 00:37:46 |
In Bwindi, Martha is worried |
| 00:37:48 |
for the youngest and most vulnerable |
| 00:37:55 |
...eight-month-old Ponoka... |
| 00:38:00 |
...last seen near a silverback |
| 00:38:09 |
Now he's nowhere to be seen. |
| 00:38:17 |
Teenage silverback Marembo |
| 00:38:19 |
is on the front line, doing his best |
| 00:38:35 |
Martha has finally tracked down |
| 00:38:45 |
And he's got problems of his own. |
| 00:38:55 |
Two of his females seem to be showing |
| 00:38:59 |
in the chest beats from the other group. |
| 00:39:06 |
Both of them are looking |
| 00:39:12 |
These females may try to sneak away |
| 00:39:18 |
Rukina will do everything he can |
| 00:39:24 |
This is a time where Rukina |
| 00:39:29 |
to make sure |
| 00:39:41 |
Rukina knows these females can't go |
| 00:39:47 |
So the wise leader holds his ground, |
| 00:39:50 |
while foolhardy Marembo |
| 00:40:06 |
Surprisingly, young Marembo's efforts |
| 00:40:12 |
The chest beats from the other group |
| 00:40:25 |
Bruised and battered, |
| 00:40:39 |
But for one little gorilla, |
| 00:40:41 |
Marembo's efforts have been worthwhile. |
| 00:40:49 |
Little Ponoka is back, |
| 00:40:51 |
none the worse for wear. |
| 00:40:58 |
But it's his mother that Marembo |
| 00:41:06 |
And she doesn't seem |
| 00:41:14 |
It's only with the respect from the group |
| 00:41:16 |
that a silverback |
| 00:41:20 |
Marembo's quest for dominance |
| 00:41:41 |
Back on the volcanoes, |
| 00:41:45 |
So the situation is that |
| 00:41:50 |
The group is here |
| 00:41:54 |
It's not Rano, it's another silverback. |
| 00:41:59 |
Now he is... |
| 00:42:08 |
Titus is under incredible pressure |
| 00:42:13 |
and now there's another challenger |
| 00:42:18 |
You can imagine |
| 00:42:27 |
He already has to deal with this one, |
| 00:42:33 |
It's too much for him. |
| 00:42:37 |
I can see him. |
| 00:43:00 |
Rano's displays are becoming |
| 00:43:05 |
they're not directed at Titus. |
| 00:43:14 |
His chest beats carry across the mountain, |
| 00:43:17 |
telling the second challenger |
| 00:43:30 |
Rano's displays |
| 00:43:43 |
Titus's son is stamping his claim |
| 00:44:00 |
Rano's campaign has been relentless, |
| 00:44:04 |
and it seems to be paying off. |
| 00:44:10 |
But what does this mean |
| 00:44:20 |
Titus and the little orphan |
| 00:44:27 |
They've been on the move for ten days. |
| 00:44:37 |
Felix can see the tide turning. |
| 00:44:42 |
The orphan sticks close to Titus. |
| 00:44:49 |
But the ever-present threat from Rano |
| 00:44:56 |
And one of the young males seems |
| 00:45:07 |
For Titus, this is no longer a battle |
| 00:45:14 |
It's become a battle for survival. |
| 00:45:20 |
His life and the life of the little orphan |
| 00:45:45 |
In Bwindi, Rukina and his group |
| 00:46:19 |
Martha spots |
| 00:46:29 |
He descends from his treetop haven |
| 00:46:38 |
His heroic efforts to keep them safe |
| 00:46:47 |
The group has found a tree |
| 00:46:59 |
As always, |
| 00:47:06 |
...before moving off to enjoy his prize. |
| 00:47:20 |
Little Ponoka steps up to take his turn. |
| 00:47:34 |
Marembo watches from the sidelines. |
| 00:47:41 |
Even the youngest member of the group |
| 00:47:47 |
The injustice is too much |
| 00:48:03 |
As if to rub salt into the wound, |
| 00:48:06 |
Rukina is flaunting another privilege |
| 00:48:14 |
...right under Marembo's nose. |
| 00:48:28 |
Rukina leads the group |
| 00:48:32 |
...very much a silverback in control. |
| 00:48:41 |
But for once, Marembo doesn't follow. |
| 00:48:47 |
The teenage silverback |
| 00:48:53 |
...and walks alone into the forest. |
| 00:49:02 |
Martha suspects that this time |
| 00:49:13 |
He's no match for Rukina |
| 00:49:26 |
It may be Marembo |
| 00:49:32 |
But one thing's for sure - |
| 00:49:35 |
like all young males, |
| 00:50:01 |
On the volcanoes, |
| 00:50:10 |
The pressure from his son Rano |
| 00:50:15 |
Felix has been monitoring |
| 00:50:20 |
and it's taken a turn for the worse. |
| 00:50:27 |
He's called in Magda, the gorilla doctor. |
| 00:50:38 |
She's part of an elite team of seven vets |
| 00:50:41 |
who treat the mountain gorillas |
| 00:50:51 |
Today, Titus is her priority. |
| 00:50:56 |
He's exhausted |
| 00:51:05 |
Felix leads Magda to the group. |
| 00:51:08 |
She makes reassuring noises |
| 00:51:16 |
Oh, he's nursing his right hand. |
| 00:51:24 |
Instead of putting it like this, |
| 00:51:26 |
There must be something here. |
| 00:51:29 |
Magda has spotted a deep wound |
| 00:51:34 |
making it hard for him to walk. |
| 00:51:39 |
Now you can see the wound |
| 00:51:44 |
There's always a little worry, especially |
| 00:51:48 |
that there can be infection, |
| 00:51:56 |
The battle scars from Rano's campaign |
| 00:52:05 |
You can see that their tummies |
| 00:52:11 |
This is siesta time, |
| 00:52:14 |
because they were running since morning, |
| 00:52:28 |
As a gorilla doctor, |
| 00:52:35 |
But some cases |
| 00:52:43 |
Magda can do nothing. |
| 00:52:45 |
To anaesthetise and treat Titus now |
| 00:52:58 |
It's with heavy hearts Magda and Felix |
| 00:53:08 |
Nature must take its course. |
| 00:53:15 |
Back in his office, Felix records |
| 00:53:23 |
...the latest chapter |
| 00:53:40 |
Titus has shown what it takes |
| 00:53:51 |
...a gorilla who came |
| 00:53:55 |
who, on the slopes of the volcanoes, |
| 00:54:00 |
to be the most successful silverback |
| 00:54:15 |
He's sired more offspring |
| 00:54:17 |
and lived longer |
| 00:54:26 |
He's protected his group until the end... |
| 00:54:34 |
...eventually hounded to exhaustion |
| 00:54:44 |
I don't know how long |
| 00:54:50 |
This could be the end of Titus. |
| 00:54:57 |
But the legacy of Titus will live on. |
| 00:55:05 |
The fate of his group now rests |
| 00:55:19 |
At first light, Felix climbs the volcano |
| 00:55:22 |
to see Titus |
| 00:55:33 |
Rano remains strong and determined. |
| 00:55:38 |
For weeks, he's intimidated, terrorised |
| 00:55:47 |
Soon the prize of dominance will be his. |
| 00:56:06 |
Titus has finally managed to rest... |
| 00:56:18 |
...surrounded by his most loyal followers. |
| 00:56:27 |
The little orphan gently cleans his wound. |
| 00:56:45 |
Titus is dying. |
| 00:56:58 |
Felix has borne witness |
| 00:57:06 |
...the crowning of a new silverback... |
| 00:57:15 |
...and the last stand |
| 00:57:55 |
Next time on Mountain Gorilla... |
| 00:58:00 |
...we look at what the future holds |
| 00:58:06 |
Are they safe in our hands? |
| 00:58:10 |
Titus' group struggles |
| 00:58:15 |
...and Rano leads them into trouble. |
| 00:58:20 |
And with Titus gone... |
| 00:58:24 |
...the little orphan's life |
| 00:00:11 |
straddling the borders of Rwanda, |
| 00:00:16 |
lies a remarkable mountain kingdom. |
| 00:00:23 |
It's home to the last 700 |
| 00:00:37 |
With so few left, |
| 00:00:40 |
from a dedicated band of humans. |
| 00:00:43 |
A species in intensive care. |
| 00:00:51 |
Our cameras have been given |
| 00:00:54 |
to these precious animals |
| 00:00:55 |
by the people that record |
| 00:01:05 |
In this programme, we'll be following |
| 00:01:07 |
some of the youngest |
| 00:01:12 |
We witness the plight of two orphans |
| 00:01:18 |
A young female on the cusp of adulthood, |
| 00:01:21 |
battling with feelings |
| 00:01:29 |
And a new gorilla king, |
| 00:01:30 |
struggling to earn the respect |
| 00:01:39 |
In these uncertain times, |
| 00:01:44 |
safe in our hands? |
| 00:02:01 |
On the volcanic slopes |
| 00:02:05 |
there has been momentous change. |
| 00:02:22 |
Titus, the 35-year-old gorilla king, |
| 00:02:32 |
At his peak, he ruled over 25 gorillas |
| 00:02:35 |
and became the most successful |
| 00:02:39 |
Now his reign is over. |
| 00:02:45 |
The young orphan he protected |
| 00:03:02 |
Titus was hounded to the point |
| 00:03:06 |
his son, Rano. |
| 00:03:17 |
The old ruler simply couldn't fight |
| 00:03:21 |
until finally one morning |
| 00:03:26 |
worn out by life |
| 00:03:29 |
and his own son. |
| 00:03:41 |
For Rwandan gorilla researcher |
| 00:03:48 |
Titus was one of my favourite |
| 00:03:53 |
well, he was everybody's favourite, |
| 00:04:01 |
Now that Titus has gone, and Rano |
| 00:04:06 |
I would say that |
| 00:04:09 |
and that's the most important, |
| 00:04:11 |
but it's really hard |
| 00:04:14 |
to accept him as the leader, |
| 00:04:17 |
the only female of the group, who had |
| 00:04:23 |
You can see that the group is not |
| 00:04:27 |
when Titus was still alive. |
| 00:04:31 |
At just 17 years old, |
| 00:04:36 |
when he became leader of this group. |
| 00:04:54 |
But Rano is discovering |
| 00:04:58 |
it's not enough just to be the son |
| 00:05:11 |
Already, things aren't looking good. |
| 00:05:19 |
The other gorillas seem reluctant |
| 00:05:32 |
Tuck, the only female in the group, |
| 00:05:36 |
She only stays |
| 00:05:43 |
Before Titus's death, |
| 00:05:47 |
Now he's regressed, |
| 00:06:02 |
Tuck is torn between her duty as a parent |
| 00:06:15 |
This is a group in turmoil, |
| 00:06:17 |
and its leader needs to prove himself. |
| 00:06:20 |
Can Rano win their confidence |
| 00:06:34 |
Mountain gorillas are a species |
| 00:06:38 |
Around 700 remain in the wild, |
| 00:06:42 |
and everything humanly possible |
| 00:06:49 |
The mountain gorilla vets |
| 00:06:54 |
They're dedicated to monitoring |
| 00:06:58 |
and can be called upon |
| 00:07:07 |
Magda Braum is one of those vets. |
| 00:07:10 |
She has worked with apes |
| 00:07:17 |
Today, she's travelling |
| 00:07:20 |
and crossing the border into Congo, |
| 00:07:31 |
Congo is home to around |
| 00:07:34 |
about a third of the total population. |
| 00:07:39 |
A huge country, it was the location |
| 00:07:43 |
a conflict that began in 1998 |
| 00:07:46 |
and involved eight nations |
| 00:07:53 |
Today the war's over, |
| 00:07:56 |
where the mountain gorillas live, |
| 00:08:01 |
Today, |
| 00:08:03 |
on Ndeze and Ndakazi, |
| 00:08:06 |
They've been with us |
| 00:08:10 |
and Goma is not the right climate, |
| 00:08:14 |
we have lots and lots of health problems |
| 00:08:18 |
And we were trying for a long time |
| 00:08:21 |
and finally there is the sanctuary |
| 00:08:24 |
It's actually exactly the place |
| 00:08:30 |
We had the call from our vets in Goma |
| 00:08:34 |
which is nothing unusual |
| 00:08:37 |
So, most likely, it's nothing serious, |
| 00:08:39 |
but, as I said, we have to be sure |
| 00:08:45 |
The hope is that |
| 00:08:47 |
will pass Magda's health check |
| 00:08:49 |
and be moved from the hot, dusty town |
| 00:09:11 |
In the neighbouring country of Uganda, |
| 00:09:13 |
in a small house |
| 00:09:15 |
lives gorilla scientist Martha Robbins. |
| 00:09:26 |
She has studied mountain gorillas |
| 00:09:29 |
the past 12 here in Uganda, |
| 00:09:31 |
where around 300 mountain gorillas |
| 00:09:39 |
Each day, she ventures out into the forest |
| 00:09:42 |
to observe the gorillas first-hand. |
| 00:09:51 |
The habitat here is very good |
| 00:09:54 |
What makes it so difficult |
| 00:09:57 |
is actually great for the gorillas, |
| 00:09:59 |
because there's herbaceous vegetation |
| 00:10:04 |
We have much more fruit trees here, |
| 00:10:07 |
and so that's sort of an added resource |
| 00:10:21 |
Thanks to the work |
| 00:10:24 |
we now know that Ugandan gorillas eat |
| 00:10:29 |
that they spend more time in the trees, |
| 00:10:32 |
and that they have larger home ranges. |
| 00:10:39 |
Martha's dedication |
| 00:10:41 |
has allowed her to gain the trust |
| 00:10:46 |
the successful silverback leader Rukina. |
| 00:10:49 |
He leads a group of 14 |
| 00:11:09 |
With so many females in his group, |
| 00:11:12 |
silverback Rukina's life |
| 00:11:15 |
to that of Rano back in Rwanda. |
| 00:11:21 |
The dominant silverback claims |
| 00:11:25 |
and, given the chance, |
| 00:11:34 |
The junior blackbacks |
| 00:11:48 |
But for one little gorilla, |
| 00:11:50 |
the temptation to get involved |
| 00:11:53 |
Ten-month-old Ponoka |
| 00:11:57 |
and although Rukina is probably |
| 00:12:14 |
One in three gorillas die |
| 00:12:18 |
The first year is the riskiest. |
| 00:12:24 |
Martha can't wait for little Ponoka |
| 00:12:31 |
Although Ponoka is the youngest |
| 00:12:34 |
he's not the newest arrival. |
| 00:12:38 |
That honour goes |
| 00:12:42 |
Females often move between groups |
| 00:12:47 |
and now, in Rukina's group, |
| 00:12:51 |
is about to cause chaos. |
| 00:13:12 |
In Rwanda, gorilla researcher Felix |
| 00:13:16 |
the new silverback leader, Rano. |
| 00:13:35 |
For Felix, this is a chance |
| 00:13:38 |
with a gorilla he knew many years ago, |
| 00:13:40 |
and find out how the new leader |
| 00:13:49 |
There's little doubt that |
| 00:13:51 |
to claim his hard-earned right |
| 00:13:59 |
But at 37 years old, Tuck is |
| 00:14:04 |
Nearly all females stop |
| 00:14:14 |
Unfortunately, |
| 00:14:24 |
...and keeps trying to impress her |
| 00:14:30 |
But all this seems to do is make Tuck |
| 00:14:52 |
As Rano continues to hound Tuck, |
| 00:15:01 |
Now the smallest gorilla |
| 00:15:03 |
to show the mighty silverback Rano |
| 00:15:38 |
This is hardly the great leader |
| 00:15:41 |
Pushed around by the youngest male |
| 00:15:44 |
and spurned by Tuck, the only female, |
| 00:16:03 |
Just 40 kilometres away |
| 00:16:07 |
things are stirring for |
| 00:16:18 |
She arrived in the group |
| 00:16:22 |
and Martha's log shows |
| 00:16:24 |
she's been keeping a low profile. |
| 00:16:29 |
But today she only has eyes for Rukina, |
| 00:16:35 |
The way she's staring at him like that, |
| 00:16:39 |
Very subtle, as gorillas are. |
| 00:16:41 |
She wants to mate. |
| 00:16:45 |
Advancing on him, |
| 00:16:48 |
and stares straight into his eyes, |
| 00:16:51 |
sure signs that she wants to mate. |
| 00:17:11 |
But Rukina's group contains plenty |
| 00:17:15 |
and he doesn't appear |
| 00:17:22 |
Finally, Rukina relents. |
| 00:17:27 |
Yep, yep, yep, there you go. |
| 00:17:34 |
Twijiki's entered a period called oestrus, |
| 00:17:37 |
a monthly occurrence for gorillas, |
| 00:17:43 |
And usually they'll mate |
| 00:17:47 |
There we go. |
| 00:18:02 |
For the next few days, |
| 00:18:12 |
They are very active |
| 00:18:15 |
So, yeah, it is almost like they're... |
| 00:18:19 |
It's a different gorilla |
| 00:18:21 |
depending on |
| 00:18:26 |
Possessed by her hormones, |
| 00:18:31 |
but he's not interested. |
| 00:18:45 |
Twijiki will have to look elsewhere. |
| 00:18:55 |
She decides to try her luck |
| 00:18:56 |
with the more junior gorillas, |
| 00:19:07 |
Twijiki might not know any better, |
| 00:19:11 |
that if he gets caught, |
| 00:19:14 |
The dominant silverback holds priority, |
| 00:19:17 |
and won't put up with |
| 00:19:33 |
Despite Rukina's efforts to break up |
| 00:19:37 |
sneaky mating does happen. |
| 00:19:40 |
Genetic tests have revealed |
| 00:19:41 |
that about 15% of infants are not |
| 00:19:48 |
It was a mating like this, between |
| 00:19:53 |
that Martha saw |
| 00:19:56 |
Discovering who fathered little Ponoka |
| 00:20:00 |
if Martha is to understand |
| 00:20:06 |
The only way she can solve this mystery |
| 00:20:14 |
Oh, yeah, ha-ha! |
| 00:20:19 |
Yeah. So, the size of the dung |
| 00:20:24 |
So we've been looking for some time now |
| 00:20:29 |
- and today we succeeded. |
| 00:20:32 |
Tiny, tiny, tiny. |
| 00:20:35 |
Martha will send this sample |
| 00:20:38 |
where Ponoka's genetic profile |
| 00:20:41 |
to that of the silverback, Rukina. |
| 00:20:43 |
- Do you have the pen? |
| 00:20:45 |
OK, great. |
| 00:21:13 |
In Congo, Magda is getting ready to meet |
| 00:21:18 |
and check that they are healthy enough |
| 00:21:28 |
Ndeze and Ndakazi's stories |
| 00:21:36 |
...when six mountain gorillas were killed |
| 00:21:40 |
most likely linked |
| 00:21:48 |
Two-month-old Ndakazi was found |
| 00:21:53 |
who had been shot |
| 00:21:58 |
Around the same time, |
| 00:22:02 |
next to his dead mother. |
| 00:22:11 |
Altogether, five gorillas from his family |
| 00:22:15 |
including the once mighty silverback |
| 00:22:19 |
whose body was ceremoniously |
| 00:22:24 |
These atrocities shocked the world, |
| 00:22:27 |
but the real struggle was |
| 00:22:37 |
It's all right. |
| 00:22:41 |
They survived, but because of |
| 00:22:44 |
they are unlikely to go back |
| 00:22:47 |
However, soon they will be moved |
| 00:22:49 |
from this cramped back garden |
| 00:22:53 |
close to the forest |
| 00:23:19 |
Good... |
| 00:23:20 |
Oh, don't be shy! |
| 00:23:22 |
Come, come. |
| 00:23:26 |
To prepare for the move, the orphans |
| 00:23:30 |
that will eventually transport them. |
| 00:23:49 |
Good. |
| 00:23:51 |
Give me your hand. |
| 00:23:54 |
Good. |
| 00:23:56 |
That's good. |
| 00:23:58 |
It's very important |
| 00:24:02 |
We don't try to sneak on them |
| 00:24:12 |
Magda is happy |
| 00:24:16 |
But before she leaves Congo, |
| 00:24:19 |
that she needs to check up on, |
| 00:24:49 |
In Rwanda, the old female, Tuck, |
| 00:24:53 |
to stay with silverback Rano and his |
| 00:25:08 |
As their leader, |
| 00:25:12 |
is to keep the group safe. |
| 00:25:17 |
But now he is taking them |
| 00:25:20 |
and onto the farmland |
| 00:25:48 |
Rano is desperate |
| 00:25:56 |
Leading the gorillas out of the park |
| 00:26:00 |
could be a way of winning them over. |
| 00:26:11 |
But it's not without risk. |
| 00:26:26 |
Nestling beneath the volcanoes |
| 00:26:38 |
Its ever-expanding population |
| 00:26:40 |
which means the last few hundred |
| 00:26:45 |
face stiff competition for resources. |
| 00:27:01 |
Potatoes are the main crop grown here, |
| 00:27:03 |
but the gorillas ignore these |
| 00:27:21 |
Eucalyptus. These fast-growing trees |
| 00:27:25 |
to be used for building materials. |
| 00:27:34 |
This sort of damage does bring |
| 00:27:41 |
But this is not the only concern |
| 00:27:45 |
By coming onto the farmland, |
| 00:27:48 |
the gorillas are exposed |
| 00:27:51 |
Gorillas have little immunity |
| 00:27:55 |
Even a simple cough or cold |
| 00:28:01 |
Much work is being done to make people |
| 00:28:06 |
of having mountain gorillas |
| 00:28:32 |
And where better to start |
| 00:28:36 |
At this school, |
| 00:28:40 |
are teaching Rwandan children |
| 00:28:46 |
So, approximately how many |
| 00:28:56 |
About 700 up to 800. |
| 00:29:02 |
Just as important |
| 00:29:05 |
is the fact that the gorillas |
| 00:29:08 |
are helping to give something back |
| 00:29:15 |
Money from gorilla tourism is used |
| 00:29:19 |
in which the children have their lessons. |
| 00:29:23 |
The future of the mountain gorilla |
| 00:29:26 |
is in the hands of the people |
| 00:29:29 |
If both can benefit |
| 00:29:33 |
the gorilla's future will be more secure. |
| 00:30:01 |
At Martha's forest home in Uganda, |
| 00:30:04 |
the results of Ponoka's paternity test |
| 00:30:10 |
So I just checked my e-mail |
| 00:30:14 |
"The paternity of Ponoka is solved." |
| 00:30:16 |
So I'm very curious to see, |
| 00:30:24 |
Yeah. "So if there's no other options, |
| 00:30:26 |
"the case for Rukina as father |
| 00:30:29 |
So yeah, Rukina's the dad. |
| 00:30:33 |
Knowing the gorilla's paternity |
| 00:30:37 |
a much more accurate picture |
| 00:30:42 |
Although little Ponoka is |
| 00:30:46 |
this doesn't make his first year |
| 00:30:51 |
At ten months, he's still |
| 00:30:55 |
and only just beginning to explore |
| 00:31:04 |
But once he reaches his first birthday, |
| 00:31:07 |
his chances of survival will increase. |
| 00:31:29 |
Through her close scrutiny |
| 00:31:32 |
Martha is finding silverback Rukina |
| 00:31:38 |
Part of this success |
| 00:31:46 |
Unlike Rano, whose only female is |
| 00:31:52 |
including the newly arrived Twijiki. |
| 00:31:57 |
Young females often move |
| 00:32:00 |
to avoid breeding with their fathers, |
| 00:32:02 |
but today, young Twijiki seems happy |
| 00:32:07 |
She's already nearly been caught |
| 00:32:11 |
and that's a dangerous game |
| 00:32:14 |
Her behaviour has certainly |
| 00:32:27 |
Twijiki has now positioned herself |
| 00:32:33 |
Both are interested... |
| 00:32:54 |
The spurned blackback |
| 00:33:01 |
They started to mate, |
| 00:33:04 |
but then the other blackback grunted |
| 00:33:08 |
And then they stopped |
| 00:33:11 |
There was a chance |
| 00:33:14 |
If this goes on for much longer, |
| 00:33:17 |
the youngsters are certain to get caught. |
| 00:33:37 |
In Rwanda, Felix has received the news |
| 00:33:40 |
about Rano leading his group |
| 00:33:43 |
He decides to find them. |
| 00:33:54 |
Although Rano needs the group |
| 00:33:58 |
the group needs Rano. |
| 00:34:00 |
Without him, the male blackbacks |
| 00:34:03 |
to take on the responsibilities |
| 00:34:06 |
and the group would fall apart. |
| 00:34:15 |
But now it's Rano's leadership skills |
| 00:34:30 |
There's another group close by, |
| 00:34:32 |
so what now they're doing is, |
| 00:34:36 |
hooting from one side |
| 00:34:46 |
It's not uncommon |
| 00:34:48 |
for gorilla groups to meet, |
| 00:34:51 |
and although potentially dangerous, |
| 00:34:54 |
it's a chance for females |
| 00:35:00 |
Felix is concerned that Tuck, |
| 00:35:04 |
may take this opportunity to leave. |
| 00:35:07 |
But Rano seems prepared to risk |
| 00:35:12 |
even though she's spurned him. |
| 00:35:15 |
Why he's so determined |
| 00:35:18 |
especially since she's unable to breed. |
| 00:35:24 |
For whatever reason, he continues |
| 00:35:28 |
in the hope |
| 00:35:38 |
The whooping is thought to be a way |
| 00:35:41 |
to help increase the effect |
| 00:35:45 |
And right now, Rano needs to sound |
| 00:35:52 |
Felix radios the rangers |
| 00:35:59 |
They are very close. |
| 00:36:07 |
The other group is about 200 metres. |
| 00:36:15 |
This could be dangerous |
| 00:36:19 |
No-one wants to get caught up |
| 00:36:25 |
But it's terrible news for Rano, |
| 00:36:29 |
that he will have to face up to a fight |
| 00:36:35 |
To make matters worse, |
| 00:36:37 |
Tuck is definitely showing signs |
| 00:36:43 |
Oh, come on, Tuck, |
| 00:36:47 |
Already the blackbacks |
| 00:36:52 |
but this is not their fight. |
| 00:36:54 |
It's all down to the silverbacks now. |
| 00:37:01 |
Rano holds back with Tuck... |
| 00:37:05 |
...but a clash seems unavoidable. |
| 00:37:13 |
And Tuck doesn't make things any easier, |
| 00:37:24 |
This is a real test of Rano's skills |
| 00:37:29 |
With three silverbacks and seven females, |
| 00:37:42 |
There's three silverbacks in there. |
| 00:37:48 |
These females could use |
| 00:37:51 |
so the rival silverbacks |
| 00:38:03 |
It's quite serious. |
| 00:38:05 |
Everybody's here, all the females. |
| 00:38:07 |
Everybody's interested |
| 00:38:11 |
so it's a very tense situation. |
| 00:38:21 |
If this escalates, |
| 00:38:26 |
The silverbacks posture to each other, |
| 00:38:29 |
turning side on to show their full might. |
| 00:38:32 |
Rano must stand his ground |
| 00:38:37 |
You need to go up there, |
| 00:38:48 |
As the gorillas size each other up, |
| 00:38:51 |
Rano's stoic defence of Tuck |
| 00:39:01 |
The silverbacks realise that none |
| 00:39:06 |
...and since no-one wants to fight, |
| 00:39:10 |
things begin to calm down. |
| 00:39:20 |
As the gorillas start to disperse, |
| 00:39:23 |
Felix senses |
| 00:39:37 |
Rano has handled |
| 00:39:42 |
with great skill and courage. |
| 00:39:47 |
Whether this has been appreciated |
| 00:39:52 |
remains to be seen. |
| 00:40:27 |
In Congo, gorilla vet Magda |
| 00:40:31 |
the family of one of the orphans. |
| 00:40:35 |
News has reached her |
| 00:40:38 |
and she wants to make sure it's healthy. |
| 00:40:53 |
This is the biggest group |
| 00:40:56 |
36 individuals, and a very |
| 00:41:00 |
Usually, in big groups like this, we have |
| 00:41:04 |
In Congo side, since April this year, |
| 00:41:10 |
so, because of the health reasons |
| 00:41:13 |
we all wear masks |
| 00:41:24 |
Congo is the first country |
| 00:41:27 |
that all visitors to the gorillas |
| 00:41:30 |
to prevent the spread of human disease. |
| 00:41:40 |
It's especially important, |
| 00:41:42 |
as these are some of the least visited |
| 00:41:48 |
Magda makes reassuring gorilla sounds |
| 00:41:50 |
so that they are fully aware |
| 00:41:56 |
He's got his lunchbox with him. |
| 00:42:01 |
It's an amazing time of year for gorillas |
| 00:42:06 |
That's probably 90% easily of their diet |
| 00:42:25 |
I haven't seen this group before, |
| 00:42:29 |
That's by far the biggest |
| 00:42:33 |
And especially we would like |
| 00:42:36 |
maybe we are lucky to see her, |
| 00:42:38 |
because she's the youngest |
| 00:42:41 |
She's only six years old and she |
| 00:42:44 |
So we will try to see her |
| 00:42:52 |
Trying to see a mother and baby |
| 00:42:56 |
is proving to be difficult. |
| 00:43:03 |
But at last, Magda is able to get |
| 00:43:17 |
Sometimes, with young females like this, |
| 00:43:21 |
they don't know |
| 00:43:23 |
and babies die within a few days. |
| 00:43:28 |
It's holding well, it's active, |
| 00:43:30 |
starts already looking |
| 00:43:32 |
So I think it's going to be OK. |
| 00:43:37 |
With the birth of this baby, |
| 00:43:42 |
after the horrors |
| 00:43:47 |
War, poaching, armed rebels... |
| 00:43:51 |
the problems facing gorillas in Congo |
| 00:43:58 |
But despite all this, |
| 00:44:00 |
the Congolese are forging ahead |
| 00:44:05 |
Looking after the animals |
| 00:44:11 |
Often outnumbered and outgunned, |
| 00:44:13 |
over 130 have lost their lives |
| 00:44:19 |
One of the biggest battles |
| 00:44:25 |
Every year, hundreds of tonnes of charcoal |
| 00:44:30 |
For the local population |
| 00:44:35 |
Demand is high, and some of it comes |
| 00:44:40 |
where the gorillas are found. |
| 00:44:43 |
It's the rangers' job |
| 00:44:45 |
to shut down these illegal |
| 00:44:50 |
But it's no good cutting off the supply |
| 00:44:55 |
so, ingeniously in Congo, |
| 00:44:58 |
they have come up with |
| 00:45:01 |
briquettes. |
| 00:45:06 |
The briquettes can be produced |
| 00:45:09 |
including wood chippings, cardboard, |
| 00:45:18 |
The process is simple, |
| 00:45:20 |
and just requires a pressing machine |
| 00:45:33 |
It's environmentally friendly, |
| 00:45:37 |
So far, 600 briquette-making machines |
| 00:45:42 |
producing over 3,000 sacks |
| 00:45:47 |
and creating more than 3,000 jobs. |
| 00:45:51 |
It's a great success story, |
| 00:45:54 |
the future of people and gorillas |
| 00:46:19 |
In Uganda, Martha's gorilla group |
| 00:46:28 |
Gorillas can have a home range |
| 00:46:33 |
and Rukina's group is nearing |
| 00:46:39 |
This is a four-hour hike |
| 00:46:45 |
But it's the only way |
| 00:46:48 |
if young female Twijiki is still |
| 00:47:03 |
They finally settle, |
| 00:47:05 |
to look for the young troublemaker, |
| 00:47:18 |
She finds the younger members of |
| 00:47:25 |
But it's not just the juveniles |
| 00:47:29 |
Twijiki is also there |
| 00:47:31 |
and all three are chuckling in delight. |
| 00:48:04 |
It's really nice because Twijiki, |
| 00:48:08 |
and so, again, just how she's not quite |
| 00:48:13 |
So some days she's a young lady, |
| 00:48:19 |
Twijiki's venture into adulthood |
| 00:48:28 |
And with that, the temptation for |
| 00:48:33 |
for now. |
| 00:48:43 |
The group has travelled close |
| 00:48:47 |
and the great swamp |
| 00:49:17 |
As the light starts to fade, |
| 00:49:19 |
the smaller gorillas take to the trees |
| 00:49:26 |
They make a fresh nest each night. |
| 00:49:28 |
A springy bed of folded branches |
| 00:49:36 |
Nothing beats a newly made bed |
| 00:49:40 |
But for tonight, |
| 00:49:43 |
who will be without |
| 00:49:56 |
Instead of trudging home, |
| 00:50:08 |
Martha always enjoys |
| 00:50:12 |
but tonight there's another reason |
| 00:50:17 |
There's a milestone coming up, |
| 00:50:41 |
Daybreak in Uganda. |
| 00:50:44 |
Martha is first up. |
| 00:50:46 |
For her, this is an eagerly awaited day. |
| 00:51:00 |
She's just a 20-minute walk |
| 00:51:37 |
And here's what Martha has waited |
| 00:51:40 |
at last little Ponoka is one. |
| 00:51:46 |
This is sort of a milestone for Ponoka. |
| 00:51:49 |
About one in three infants |
| 00:51:54 |
so there's very high infant mortality. |
| 00:51:56 |
But most of the deaths occur |
| 00:51:59 |
So now that Ponoka's reached one, |
| 00:52:01 |
the likelihood of him surviving |
| 00:52:06 |
The population of mountain gorillas is so |
| 00:52:12 |
It's nice to think that in 15, 20 years, |
| 00:52:15 |
he might be a dominant silverback |
| 00:52:19 |
I hope I'm still here then. |
| 00:52:21 |
I won't be running up these hills |
| 00:52:27 |
Reaching his first birthday |
| 00:52:30 |
of many challenges he will face |
| 00:52:35 |
But with a successful silverback leader |
| 00:52:40 |
things are already looking good |
| 00:52:45 |
Under the watchful eye of Martha, |
| 00:52:48 |
Rukina is proving to be both a good father |
| 00:52:54 |
My hopes for Rukina |
| 00:52:58 |
is that they live a natural, normal |
| 00:53:02 |
At the moment, Bwindi is quite well |
| 00:53:35 |
In Congo, it's also a big day |
| 00:53:40 |
At last they're on the move. |
| 00:53:49 |
Having been passed healthy by Magda, |
| 00:53:51 |
they are driven two hours |
| 00:54:02 |
It's this kind of commitment |
| 00:54:06 |
that's essential if they are to survive |
| 00:54:27 |
Now they are finally able to enjoy |
| 00:54:34 |
They can never go back into the wild, |
| 00:54:36 |
as it's unlikely they would |
| 00:54:40 |
But they have each other, |
| 00:54:41 |
and their new home is as close as can be |
| 00:55:11 |
But what of the brave |
| 00:55:15 |
living on the slopes |
| 00:55:19 |
Has the group finally accepted him? |
| 00:55:32 |
They certainly seem a lot more relaxed |
| 00:55:48 |
Maybe Rano's heroic stand |
| 00:55:52 |
has convinced the others |
| 00:56:01 |
But what of his future? |
| 00:56:06 |
They all need each other. |
| 00:56:10 |
Rano, as the dominant silverback, |
| 00:56:12 |
needs all the support |
| 00:56:15 |
so let's, you know, give them some time, |
| 00:56:18 |
three, four years, they will grow |
| 00:56:23 |
having these encounters |
| 00:56:26 |
and they will eventually attract females. |
| 00:56:29 |
My hopes for Rano, |
| 00:56:33 |
get some more females |
| 00:56:36 |
I do like Rano. |
| 00:56:39 |
He still has |
| 00:56:41 |
before he reaches |
| 00:56:44 |
the legendary Titus. |
| 00:56:46 |
It would certainly help |
| 00:56:50 |
but with the hard-earned support |
| 00:56:54 |
at least he has the chance |
| 00:56:58 |
Rano is also lucky |
| 00:57:02 |
he has the support of |
| 00:57:08 |
...trackers... |
| 00:57:11 |
...and vets... |
| 00:57:12 |
all working to ensure |
| 00:57:16 |
for every gorilla |
| 00:57:34 |
Rano, in his forest home |
| 00:57:37 |
is one of the last 700 mountain gorillas |
| 00:57:41 |
that together |
| 00:57:52 |
But it's exactly this kind of care |
| 00:57:56 |
that has ensured that, |
| 00:57:59 |
mountain gorilla populations |
| 00:58:04 |
they've actually risen. |
| 00:58:09 |
Could the last few hundred |
| 00:58:12 |
finally be safe in our hands? |
