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National Geographic Adventures in Time
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Time... |
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That relentless force that transports us |
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Though no one can say exactly |
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we do know what time it is. |
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5-4-3-2-1- |
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For Millennium, this is a landmark |
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But far from all the commotion |
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millions of others count their years |
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For Buddhists |
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the year 2000 came and went more |
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In the Muslim world |
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While for many Jews |
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Nevertheless the observance |
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is a singular opportunity... |
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to listen to the heartbeat |
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The National Geographic Society has long |
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making it stop, slowing it down, |
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and speeding it up... |
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All to better comprehend the relentless |
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We invite you now to see the world |
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as we explore the epic adventure of life |
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For Time is the measure of our universe... |
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and only over time can we understand |
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And it is our unique grasp of Time |
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that helped give rise to science |
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Take time, add exploration and |
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and you have the human story. |
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A story of constant |
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But now perhaps |
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we are at a most critical point |
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and on the brink of destroying it. |
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What kind of world will we leave |
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Only Time will tell. |
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In a single, ferocious instant |
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Time, as we know it, began. |
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It was the big bang. |
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Some thirteen billion years later |
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strewn with things unimaginable |
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and towering nebulae trillions |
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About two-thirds of the way through |
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our own solar system was born. |
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A handful of planets |
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an unremarkable star. |
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In this immense universe |
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blue ornament tenuously protected |
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But a closer look reveals that there's |
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something rare perhaps or even unique. |
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Something called Life. |
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To see the origin of life |
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Here, hundreds of millions of years ago |
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the sea was a living soup |
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In this vast incubator life slowly |
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Then, about 540 million years ago |
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Quite suddenly, entirely new forms |
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In the millions of years |
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and prickly spines appeared to protect |
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predators. |
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In time, deadly jaws appeared... |
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and sinewy creatures who |
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Some animals have changed very little |
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Among these living fossils are sharks: |
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We still are trying to understand |
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the elusive ways of |
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On the windswept Farallon Islands |
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researchers have spent years following |
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of individual great white sharks. |
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...this bite looks like it could |
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"Over seven years up to forty great |
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Some are observed in one season |
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While others come back every year. |
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One of these is a massive eighteen-foot |
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so called because the tip |
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"We don't know where Stumpy is during |
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but we do know that she shows up here |
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...so pretty consistent. |
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She's almost always in the same area." |
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"What's more she appears to come |
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How do you know Stumpy is here? |
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You set the board out... |
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This is how a great white kills |
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In one precise torpedo-like blow |
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The stunning impact of the first lightning |
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This strategy saves energy |
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and may minimize the rise |
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This surprising sequence of attack |
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the shark well for a very long time. |
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But Nature was not content to have |
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After hundreds of millions of years |
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It took countless generations for gills |
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and flippers to evolve into wings or feet. |
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Eventually, a profusion of crawling |
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flying and running creatures claimed |
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Reptiles began a one hundred |
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sovereignty over the planet. |
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It was the age of the dinosaurs. |
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They were the biggest creatures ever |
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Gone now some 65 million years... |
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they live on in our collective |
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Among the departed was one of |
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It was called Ovirapto |
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This expedition is traveling |
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to uncover the secrets |
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Michael Novacek and Mark Norell of the |
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come to this desolate place to piece |
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of evolution and extinction. |
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"One, two, three, four, five, six, seven |
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"...and then three over there... twelve. |
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Twelve eggs... All right." |
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You know this is really a great |
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because it's one of the rare instances |
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where we can capture a little bit |
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that's 80 million years old. |
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Here we have a- a sort of a day |
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or the death of a- of a creature |
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in association with something |
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This one was fossilized where it dropped |
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and it happened to drop right on top |
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"She didn't just drop there. |
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The good mother oviraptor was sitting |
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They probably brought food |
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And the good mother tended her eggs. |
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Like a bird, |
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she prodded them into a circle. |
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The fearsome carnivore |
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Then, with remarkable swiftness the age |
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What happened exactly remains a mystery. |
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Many scientists believe an asteroid |
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and helped snuff out the masters |
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"From our perspective, of course, |
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this mass extinction event |
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because we're part |
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and started evolving into bats and |
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and large hoofed animals |
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With the great reptiles gone, smaller |
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Each learned to succeed in its own way. |
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Some rely on speed and powerful jaws. |
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Others, strength and a thick skin. |
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But no matter how adaptable a species |
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may be - in the savage struggle |
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there is but one simple rule: |
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Those who survive pass their traits |
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Those who die do not. |
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Every creature is a history book |
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These living ghosts are the product |
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and death moments endured |
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"An ancient species related |
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the water chevrotain has been feeding |
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fruit and fungi here |
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All that time predator and prey |
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Honing skills and strategies |
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that make them well-matched |
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Under sharp-eyed surveillance |
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She is completely at home here. |
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She doesn't swim but simply walks |
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just like a little hippo. |
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Her huge eyes are open wide |
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but she sees rather poorly - probably |
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Keeping her belly close to the ground |
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she simply walks away from danger... |
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In the most extreme environments |
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Forbidding deserts call for new tools |
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Out-maneuvered by a hungry coyote |
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this creature seems ready |
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But the horned lizard |
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to a desperate dilemma. |
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"The swelling below his eye is not a wound |
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Squirted from a specialized tear duct |
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at the coyote's face. |
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The blood is laced with substances |
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that are so distasteful the coyote |
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Here on the barren ice floes of the Arctic |
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much less a thousand pound brute - |
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But the polar bear is a resourceful |
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"The seal is safe for the moment |
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but each new trip to the surface |
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It's an over-sized game of cat and mouse." |
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Mammals thrive by capitalizing |
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rarely found in reptiles: parental care. |
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They are capable of bonding |
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mother to child, parent to parent |
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But as youth gives way to maturity |
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capabilities as well... |
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Many of these battles are to seize |
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the moment their genes are passed to |
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The next chapter in the Book of Life |
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- not only branches |
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It is here, among the primates, |
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"We know that the earliest stage |
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just like this, East African woodland |
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onto which our ancestors eventually |
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So to be able to study hunting here |
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window onto the earliest origins of |
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or more million years ago. |
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As colobus monkeys are pursued |
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we witness the terrifying tenacity of |
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"As the chimps climb up the colobus |
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too slender to bear the chimps' weight. |
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The male colobus stand their ground |
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They will even take the offensive |
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Holding his tail out of the chimp's reach |
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this male buys precious time for |
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With chimps climbing everywhere |
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Even a rear attack by the defending |
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Resourceful, sociable, intelligent |
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remain in the forest for millions of years. |
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Only occasionally do they wander out |
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But one related species - |
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the ancestors of early humans - |
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and the world was changed forever. |
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Genetically, all humans, no matter |
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It is not what we are, but who we are, |
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what we learn, believe and create |
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And that identity often determines |
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In many places, time seems |
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In other societies, though time is like |
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as one moves through life |
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In the highlands of Papua New Guinea, |
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lives a remote society with their own |
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"For thousands of years, |
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this Stone Age group had been hidden |
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As time and exposure worked their changes |
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Hagahai culture remained more |
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A living secret deep in the highlands |
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Possibly the last unknown group on earth." |
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Carol Jenkins, a medical anthropologist, |
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began working with the Hagahai |
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and other diseases |
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She found their concept |
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"Their sense of time is much more like |
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what people say |
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the dreaming that is it's always the same |
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it's a connection |
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between the ancestors and today. |
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Much of human culture is anchored |
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and often, these traditions are linked |
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Everywhere, we commemorate rights |
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and shared beliefs that |
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and we celebrate them |
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Like it or not, |
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on this planet is consumed by work. |
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The sheer diversity of labor |
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and scope of the human experience. |
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On the Indian subcontinent |
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Here north of Mumbai |
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giant steel ships, |
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The work is dangerous |
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but to make a living they persist. |
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But all work in India |
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In sheer numbers |
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The country's railways are a lifeline |
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crossing not only vast distances |
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Over one and a half million workers |
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In many ways, the railway has become |
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and reliable time keeper. |
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"At Borivli Station fifteen men |
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They call themselves the '8:54 Group' |
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and every morning they stake out |
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With speed and luck |
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they'll share between them. |
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They have only thirty seconds |
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and consider their daily ritual |
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Very few of us choose to risk our lives |
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For those who take up hazardous |
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and rush of adrenaline can be addicting. |
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"When does a job become a mission? |
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A career become a quest? |
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How do you face each day at work |
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"Who was Al? Al was our friend. |
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And I'm gonna miss him a hell of a lot." |
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The way we live our lives is often shaped |
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But few embrace the dead |
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of central Borneo. |
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Anthropologist Anne Schiller has spent |
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of the Dayak peoples. |
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She takes part in a ceremony called |
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the bones of their dead parents |
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They do this so the spirit of |
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in the afterlife to |
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"If the head of a family |
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he is very troubled and unsettled |
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He asks himself, |
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so they can go to the |
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"This is all about taking care of |
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I mean what these people are doing is |
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their parents in the way their parents |
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so they're caring for them the way |
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You- you're washing it... |
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and you're nurturing it and |
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Now that the bones have been exhumed |
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to the ritual blood sacrifice. |
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"Blood protects you from illness |
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from evil supernatural beings |
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and so sacrifices are held |
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or the pig or the cow or the water |
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and to anoint things to make sure |
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From a culture that honors death |
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All over the world unique societies |
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their cultures as vulnerable as |
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According to some estimates nearly half |
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will disappear in the next century. |
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The realities of an emerging global |
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often provide little incentive |
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"Good morning, sir." |
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"Good morning children. |
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"How do you do? Thank you." |
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"Sit down." |
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"Thank you, sir." |
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How does a people hold on |
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its own traditions and still remain |
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Disappearing cultures |
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If only we can take the time to listen. |
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Long before maps and compasses |
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would leave a sign for those |
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The idea of being first |
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inspires modern explorers as well. |
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They helped to define |
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The exploits of 20th century adventurers |
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Many indeed have achieved a measure of |
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Among them, Admiral Robert Peary and |
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pioneering African-American |
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considered to be the first men |
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Admiral Richard Byrd |
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to fly over both poles. |
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Hiram Bingham discovered |
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While William Beebe and Otis Barton |
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In our own era, Jacques Cousteau |
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of a wonderful new realm |
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Today, |
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But the goal is often not a place |
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For these brave souls |
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as how they get there. |
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Mount Everest, first conquered in 1953 |
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Still for every seven that reach |
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"It's a mountain that you regard with |
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"I don't know anybody who has a feeling |
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"You could climb it... |
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three times, five times, a hundred times |
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"If there is a cold day |
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Forty-five, fifty below say of Celsius... |
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and this is hard for human beings. |
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If there is a storm coming |
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it's much stronger |
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"Windy... very cold. Strong. |
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Is difficult." |
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"It's really very difficult to do anything. |
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All you wanna do is lie down and even |
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"Physically I experienced an awful |
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I had a- an ulcerated toe with the bone... |
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showing, an intestinal parasite |
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going to the summit." |
| 00:37:42 |
"I'm nearly at the summit. |
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Just a few more steps... not far now." |
| 00:37:51 |
"But this overwhelming feeling... |
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incredible difficulty, pain, suffering |
| 00:37:58 |
"Well I'm on top! I've made it!" |
| 00:38:05 |
"It's difficult to really understand |
| 00:38:10 |
And I know instinctively |
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on the highest point of earth |
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"I'm on the summit." |
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"You're both great heroes. |
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We're absolutely proud to death." |
| 00:38:29 |
If the roof of the world |
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much of the deep ocean remains a mystery |
| 00:38:39 |
His early expeditions |
| 00:38:43 |
the mid-Atlantic ridge and |
| 00:38:47 |
of hot water vents surrounded |
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But Ballard is perhaps best known |
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of the 20th century. |
| 00:39:01 |
And since Titanic he's been probing |
| 00:39:09 |
"We're sitting right now in- in ruins |
| 00:39:14 |
To travel from civilization |
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you must cross the Mediterranean |
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Many of those ships went to the bottom |
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Between ancient Carthage and Rome |
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Using the remotely operated vehicle |
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Ballard has led a team of archeologists |
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of ancient shipwrecks ever found |
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Almost a half a mile below |
| 00:39:57 |
thousands of artifacts from eight ships |
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Later they returned to the site |
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that once contained ancient trade goods |
| 00:40:15 |
There's glass. I-I'm just... |
| 00:40:19 |
Among the bounty were glass cups traded |
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who sailed these same waters |
| 00:40:30 |
What has surprised me the most is that uh |
| 00:40:35 |
that this was a fleet of ships |
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and it's not at all. |
| 00:40:41 |
We have... ships spanning over |
| 00:40:50 |
"I feel very good, I-I feel that |
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This is the first major deep sea |
| 00:41:04 |
The Age of Exploration is still |
| 00:41:08 |
Ian Baker and Ken Storm are in search of |
| 00:41:15 |
to have glimpsed from afar |
| 00:41:19 |
They follow footsteps from the past. |
| 00:41:26 |
"In 1924, British botanist |
| 00:41:32 |
to Tibet searching for a waterfall |
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He pushed his way through much of |
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but never found what he was seeking. |
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On this expedition Ken and Ian |
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Kingdon-Ward's journey." |
| 00:41:55 |
"It's a place that gives life |
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that can take life at any moment." |
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The Tsangpo gorge can plunge |
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three times deeper than the Grand Canyon. |
| 00:42:11 |
A single misstep could send a traveler |
| 00:42:20 |
It was near here that Kingdon-Ward's |
| 00:42:26 |
And sure enough |
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"I think we all reached a point |
| 00:42:35 |
whether it was really going to |
| 00:42:39 |
Despite seventeen days |
| 00:42:42 |
the expedition decides to press on. |
| 00:42:47 |
Finally, they punch their way |
| 00:43:00 |
"Oh, all of the Tsangpo is... |
| 00:43:05 |
Can you imagine?!" |
| 00:43:07 |
"Incredible!" |
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from the Kailas Mountain |
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all the way to this point!" |
| 00:43:13 |
After a century of speculation |
| 00:43:16 |
the great falls has finally been placed |
| 00:43:23 |
Named Hidden Falls of Dorje Phagmo |
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and a hundred fifteen feet |
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that makes it so extraordinary. |
| 00:43:37 |
"To actually come upon something new |
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and undiscovered late in the 20th century |
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Even in places that are mapped |
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like the lush rain forest canopy. |
| 00:43:58 |
"I realized at that moment |
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I knew where I was goin' for the rest |
| 00:44:03 |
I was going up to the canopy." |
| 00:44:08 |
"It takes hard work and courage to |
| 00:44:12 |
But when they climb |
| 00:44:16 |
are also returning to a very old world." |
| 00:44:21 |
"We really felt like pioneers. |
| 00:44:23 |
We felt like we were frontiersmen going |
| 00:44:27 |
and everything we picked up |
| 00:44:30 |
- new species, new interactions." |
| 00:44:45 |
For aerialist Philippe Petit |
| 00:44:51 |
Here he undertakes a daring walk |
| 00:44:55 |
above the medieval Swiss village |
| 00:45:00 |
"I am discovering, conquering uh |
| 00:45:06 |
a world that is actually no-man's land. |
| 00:45:10 |
It is dangerous - yes - |
| 00:45:15 |
but it's so simple, so beautifully simple |
| 00:45:24 |
It's the essence of life... |
| 00:45:31 |
What I do is seemingly useless |
| 00:45:36 |
Looking up is, is flying your own way. |
| 00:45:38 |
People who don't have wing |
| 00:45:52 |
The earth is some four and |
| 00:45:55 |
yet little time remains to undo the damage |
| 00:45:58 |
that we've wrought in our own brief moment |
| 00:46:04 |
The oil fields of Kuwait |
| 00:46:06 |
1991... the aftermath of a brief |
| 00:46:11 |
The fires have now raged for months. |
| 00:46:15 |
The damage to the environment |
| 00:46:20 |
But much sooner than anyone expected |
| 00:46:24 |
of workers snuffed out the flames |
| 00:46:30 |
Many of these people had never |
| 00:46:37 |
"We have proved so many things that we- |
| 00:46:42 |
Nobody was daring before to do it. |
| 00:46:45 |
We proved that yes, we can do it. |
| 00:46:47 |
Once you have the will, |
| 00:46:51 |
and we were given a chance |
| 00:46:54 |
All over the globe concerned citizens |
| 00:46:59 |
and protect endangered species |
| 00:47:09 |
The power of such dedicated people is |
| 00:47:13 |
of creatures once nearly annihilated |
| 00:47:16 |
the great whales. |
| 00:47:22 |
Today, they are known and loved with |
| 00:47:26 |
of most species of whales seems assured. |
| 00:47:31 |
But for other creatures |
| 00:47:36 |
In central China, Professor Pan Wenshi |
| 00:47:40 |
to the imperiled population |
| 00:47:47 |
"My friends in Beijing always ask |
| 00:47:50 |
in the field year after year? |
| 00:47:52 |
When will it end? |
| 00:47:53 |
Your work has been published |
| 00:47:58 |
I tell them my goal is |
| 00:48:00 |
and to establish a refuge |
| 00:48:03 |
That is my mission |
| 00:48:09 |
Achieving this goal may take |
| 00:48:12 |
and even that may not be enough." |
| 00:48:24 |
In suburban Atlanta |
| 00:48:28 |
about a creature valuable to the ecosystem. |
| 00:48:33 |
"We're gonna see some bats, okay? |
| 00:48:36 |
Are you ready?" |
| 00:48:37 |
"Yeah..." |
| 00:48:47 |
"The children, the children are our future |
| 00:48:53 |
They're open to learning. |
| 00:48:55 |
They see and they form their own opinions |
| 00:49:03 |
The bat's got friends but |
| 00:49:09 |
From the suburbs to the inner city, |
| 00:49:12 |
conservationists are often |
| 00:49:17 |
Arthur Bonner, ex-gang member |
| 00:49:20 |
spent seven years in juvenile detention |
| 00:49:26 |
"Good morning. |
| 00:49:28 |
My name is uh, Arthur and uh you guys |
| 00:49:33 |
to save an endangered species. |
| 00:49:36 |
It's called a Palos |
| 00:49:37 |
When Arthur got out of jail |
| 00:49:42 |
His life was soon turned around |
| 00:49:46 |
called the Palos Verdes Blue butterfly... |
| 00:49:55 |
Arthur is one of just three people who |
| 00:50:00 |
"I'm very dedicated to coming down here. |
| 00:50:03 |
I love to do what I'm doing |
| 00:50:11 |
"He uses all his powers of persuasion to |
| 00:50:16 |
"Okay girls, which one of you |
| 00:50:22 |
"The uh, 5 females I collected out |
| 00:50:25 |
I bring them in I have to watch them |
| 00:50:29 |
"There you go, you gave me one..." |
| 00:50:32 |
The butterfly only has |
| 00:50:35 |
and it's up to me to keep her baby alive. |
| 00:50:40 |
"For ten years the Palos Verdes Blue |
| 00:50:46 |
It is still considered one of |
| 00:50:53 |
"Those are my girls. |
| 00:50:55 |
I love them all. |
| 00:50:57 |
They actually kept me from being extinct |
| 00:51:00 |
as much as I'm saving them |
| 00:51:03 |
They're saving me and I'm saving them." |
| 00:51:08 |
"It's very easy to dismiss... |
| 00:51:12 |
the bugs and the weeds of the world |
| 00:51:14 |
but science is revealing every year... |
| 00:51:18 |
just how important are |
| 00:51:22 |
we and other larger organisms depend. |
| 00:51:27 |
They cleanse the water |
| 00:51:35 |
they generate the very air we breathe." |
| 00:51:42 |
The case for protecting all life forms |
| 00:51:44 |
has been made powerfully |
| 00:51:49 |
She now speaks to the next generation |
| 00:51:53 |
who must carry the message forward. |
| 00:51:56 |
"It's terribly important I think |
| 00:52:00 |
not having this incredibly arrogant view |
| 00:52:07 |
We all matter |
| 00:52:11 |
Each species whether it's human or |
| 00:52:17 |
countless thousands and thousands of |
| 00:52:23 |
and we should respect that." |
| 00:52:29 |
Our growing understanding and respect |
| 00:52:33 |
is the key to a sustainable future |
| 00:52:38 |
For it inevitably means |
| 00:52:42 |
must respect certain limits. |
| 00:52:46 |
If we make the planet safe |
| 00:52:49 |
it will be safe for us. |
| 00:52:55 |
Then, only the searing fire |
| 00:53:02 |
and that's not for billions of years. |
| 00:53:09 |
If we make the planet safe |
| 00:53:12 |
there will be plenty of time. |
