|
National Geographic The Explorers A Century of Discovery
|
| 00:00:04 |
In Washington, D.C. |
| 00:00:06 |
the Trustees of |
| 00:00:09 |
gather to have a formal portrait taken. |
| 00:00:14 |
The picture will help commemorate |
| 00:00:18 |
In 1988 Geographic completes |
| 00:00:23 |
research, and education. |
| 00:00:29 |
Everybody looking right at the lens. |
| 00:00:32 |
Ready? |
| 00:00:34 |
All right. Okay. Fine. Right here. |
| 00:00:37 |
Nice big smile now. Come on. |
| 00:00:43 |
Here, in 1913, |
| 00:00:48 |
Back then, the highest mountain |
| 00:00:52 |
and no one knew the ocean deep, |
| 00:00:54 |
or what fire illuminates the stars. |
| 00:00:58 |
All this lay in the future |
| 00:01:01 |
the greatest adventure mankind |
| 00:03:53 |
The explorers have left monuments |
| 00:03:57 |
One of the most meaningful, |
| 00:04:01 |
is to be found high on a hilltop |
| 00:04:05 |
Here, alone with the sigh of the wind, |
| 00:04:07 |
are the graves of Alexander Graham Bell |
| 00:04:16 |
Bell called their estate here |
| 00:04:19 |
or "beautiful mountain" |
| 00:04:23 |
In the late 1800s Bell spent much of |
| 00:04:28 |
the National Geographic Society. |
| 00:04:30 |
It was the favorite preoccupations |
| 00:04:33 |
whose boundless creativity |
| 00:04:39 |
Inventing the telephone made |
| 00:04:43 |
It also freed him to pursue |
| 00:04:46 |
and enjoy his growing family. |
| 00:04:48 |
Enthusiastic, generous, and warmhearted, |
| 00:04:51 |
Bell became a grandfather figure |
| 00:04:59 |
When young Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor |
| 00:05:02 |
of Bell's elder daughter, Elsie, |
| 00:05:04 |
Bell offered him a job in Washington. |
| 00:05:06 |
The couple was married in 1900. |
| 00:05:09 |
They set up housekeeping not far |
| 00:05:12 |
at 15th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue |
| 00:05:20 |
It was an exciting time to be alive. |
| 00:05:23 |
Americans were thrilled |
| 00:05:25 |
and their growing political power. |
| 00:05:29 |
Grosvenor became the first full-time |
| 00:05:34 |
Which was kept going mainly |
| 00:05:39 |
In a tiny office sometimes piled high |
| 00:05:43 |
Grosvenor worked to realize Bell's hope |
| 00:05:46 |
that Geographic's journal could |
| 00:05:52 |
From its first issue the Magazine |
| 00:05:57 |
It had been called "suitable for |
| 00:06:01 |
those who already had it, |
| 00:06:06 |
It often featured day, |
| 00:06:07 |
scholarly articles not meant |
| 00:06:11 |
But there were also pictures |
| 00:06:16 |
and places that stirred the imagination. |
| 00:06:37 |
When be became Managing Editor in 1900 |
| 00:06:41 |
Grosvenor started publishing |
| 00:06:44 |
selected according to one of |
| 00:06:47 |
"The mind must see |
| 00:06:58 |
A famous Geographic tradition |
| 00:07:03 |
Grosvenor stoutly defended the policy |
| 00:07:07 |
or undressed, |
| 00:07:15 |
At the turn of the century |
| 00:07:16 |
the eye of the camera |
| 00:07:21 |
In 1906 an entire issue of |
| 00:07:25 |
to portraits of animals taken |
| 00:07:30 |
Photographer George Shiras sneaked up |
| 00:07:34 |
with a camera and |
| 00:07:37 |
His pictures astonished the world. |
| 00:08:01 |
With a later technique Shiras |
| 00:08:05 |
with a blank gun shot |
| 00:08:07 |
and then captured them |
| 00:08:23 |
Geographic and its Magazine |
| 00:08:27 |
and more innovations followed |
| 00:08:30 |
Even before true color photography |
| 00:08:33 |
colored pictures were published |
| 00:08:35 |
by hand tinting black-and-white prints |
| 00:08:40 |
had made in the field. |
| 00:08:51 |
Purists found these pictures artificial |
| 00:08:54 |
but readers loved them just the same. |
| 00:09:01 |
From the beginning the most popular |
| 00:09:08 |
The Magazine made history in 1909 |
| 00:09:12 |
when it published Robert Peary's |
| 00:09:19 |
Peary once wrote: I shall not be |
| 00:09:25 |
until name is known from one end of |
| 00:09:33 |
Peary's closest associate |
| 00:09:35 |
was the pioneering black explorer |
| 00:09:39 |
In 1908 he and Peary set out together |
| 00:09:47 |
On March 1, 1909. |
| 00:09:51 |
According to plan, |
| 00:09:53 |
the rest of the party turned back |
| 00:09:57 |
After a month only Peary, Henson, |
| 00:10:01 |
and four Eskimos were left to press on |
| 00:10:09 |
Peary's account of the next few days |
| 00:10:14 |
He reported good weather |
| 00:10:18 |
Later, some thought his story too |
| 00:10:24 |
In any event, |
| 00:10:25 |
Peary reported he reached the pole |
| 00:10:32 |
Peary wrote in his diary: |
| 00:10:39 |
Linking hands with Roald Amundsen |
| 00:10:41 |
who reached the South Pole |
| 00:10:43 |
Robert Peary found the fame |
| 00:10:47 |
In 1913 he and Amundsen met |
| 00:10:51 |
when being honored |
| 00:10:55 |
Hardly less pleased were Dr. Bell |
| 00:10:58 |
and his son-in-law Gilbert Grosvenor. |
| 00:11:01 |
National Geographic was a going concern |
| 00:11:04 |
and Bell was delighted to have it |
| 00:11:11 |
Grosvenor's decorum veiled his daring |
| 00:11:15 |
He took quite literally Bell's |
| 00:11:18 |
"the world and all that is |
| 00:11:25 |
Some four years after |
| 00:11:29 |
another explorer became |
| 00:11:36 |
Hiram Bingham was a professor |
| 00:11:41 |
In search of a fabled lost city, |
| 00:11:47 |
So he found Machu Picchu, |
| 00:11:50 |
Abandoned by the Incas 450 years ago, |
| 00:11:58 |
The first National Geographic |
| 00:12:02 |
was made to help clear |
| 00:12:06 |
It took more than $20,000 and months |
| 00:12:20 |
In 1917 one of the first |
| 00:12:25 |
to be documented in motion pictures |
| 00:12:31 |
the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes |
| 00:12:36 |
This bizarre landscape was |
| 00:12:39 |
of a gigantic volcanic explosion |
| 00:12:43 |
In this nightmare world, |
| 00:12:45 |
superheated steam hissed |
| 00:12:49 |
and often, it seemed, |
| 00:12:56 |
Scientists attempted to explore |
| 00:12:59 |
but barely escaped being boiled alive. |
| 00:13:11 |
More than half a million members |
| 00:13:14 |
of such natural wonders. |
| 00:13:16 |
And the home of Alexander Graham Bell |
| 00:13:18 |
had become the unofficial summer |
| 00:13:25 |
On holidays the hard-pressed Grosvenor |
| 00:13:29 |
on the lawn of Beinn Bhreagh. |
| 00:13:36 |
On these visits the |
| 00:13:40 |
their legendary Grandfather Bell. |
| 00:13:42 |
The great inventor was over 60, |
| 00:13:47 |
He astonished and sometimes alarmed |
| 00:13:50 |
his Nova Scotia neighbors |
| 00:13:58 |
Giant kites made up of tetrahedral |
| 00:14:03 |
They taught him much about aeronautics |
| 00:14:06 |
and some were large enough |
| 00:14:15 |
Bell's avid interest in aviation |
| 00:14:19 |
with the first flight in Canada |
| 00:14:29 |
One of Bell's last experiments was |
| 00:14:37 |
It worked perfectly. |
| 00:14:39 |
It went 71 miles an hour for years |
| 00:14:51 |
World War I was over. |
| 00:14:54 |
And people who had fought to save the |
| 00:14:59 |
about the world than ever. |
| 00:15:01 |
Six-hundred-and-fifty-six thousand |
| 00:15:06 |
and received its Magazine, |
| 00:15:11 |
Society headquarters was Hubbard Hall, |
| 00:15:17 |
Bell's father-in-law and |
| 00:15:22 |
Geographic's Magazine combined |
| 00:15:26 |
in the form of first-person reports |
| 00:15:33 |
Some of the most colorful accounts |
| 00:15:38 |
Daring, arrogant, and difficult, |
| 00:15:40 |
Rock had a talent for getting into |
| 00:15:47 |
On his travels in China and Tibet. |
| 00:15:49 |
He was often menaced by bandits |
| 00:15:53 |
Roch always escaped them |
| 00:15:54 |
and sometimes even got their pictures |
| 00:16:07 |
One of Rock's classic articles told of |
| 00:16:13 |
Deep in the mountains of Szechuan, |
| 00:16:15 |
Muli was ruled by a king |
| 00:16:18 |
or death over his 22,000 subjects. |
| 00:16:23 |
Like Shangri-la, |
| 00:16:27 |
Rock was told he was |
| 00:16:37 |
Summoning Rock to his place, |
| 00:16:39 |
the King of Muli politely |
| 00:16:43 |
if the could ride horseback |
| 00:16:46 |
He treated Rock kindly, |
| 00:16:49 |
like ancient yak cheese |
| 00:16:58 |
By the 1920s the unexplored parts |
| 00:17:04 |
But man's past was like |
| 00:17:08 |
And in 1922 the entrance to |
| 00:17:18 |
Archeologist Howard Carter and |
| 00:17:22 |
Announced they would open the burial |
| 00:17:33 |
"Can you see anything?" |
| 00:17:37 |
when he first looked inside |
| 00:17:42 |
"Yes", Carter had replied. |
| 00:17:44 |
"I see wonderful things". |
| 00:17:48 |
It was the tomb of Tutahkhamun. |
| 00:17:51 |
Nothing like it had been found before |
| 00:18:10 |
By the end of the 1920s, |
| 00:18:12 |
National Geographic was prepared |
| 00:18:16 |
It subscribed $50,000 toward |
| 00:18:20 |
to fly to the South Pole. |
| 00:18:24 |
Byrd's ship left New Zealand |
| 00:18:29 |
still summer in the Antarctic. |
| 00:18:34 |
According to Byrd's elaborate plan, |
| 00:18:36 |
the party would land in Antarctica |
| 00:18:41 |
When weather improved in the spring, |
| 00:18:44 |
he'd attempt the 800mile flight to the |
| 00:18:58 |
An advance party prepared to travel |
| 00:19:03 |
They would make geological studies |
| 00:19:06 |
and stand by to rescue Byrd |
| 00:19:20 |
The expedition not only survived |
| 00:19:24 |
There were nearly 100 dogs |
| 00:19:28 |
By August there were many more. |
| 00:19:40 |
The six men in |
| 00:19:43 |
They would be gone almost three months |
| 00:19:55 |
Byrd planned to drop an American flag |
| 00:19:59 |
when he reached the pole. |
| 00:20:12 |
On November 28, 1929, |
| 00:20:15 |
a full year after leaving New Zealand, |
| 00:20:20 |
A film camera went along and |
| 00:20:26 |
would see this movie |
| 00:20:35 |
There they are at the South Pole. |
| 00:20:36 |
The observations click. |
| 00:20:38 |
It is 1:25 in the morning |
| 00:20:43 |
Dick takes out the flag, |
| 00:20:44 |
weighted with a stone |
| 00:20:47 |
It is the symbol and the monument |
| 00:20:50 |
Through the trap door the flag |
| 00:20:53 |
There they go down, down forever |
| 00:21:07 |
A nation plunging into |
| 00:21:10 |
still gave Richard Byrd |
| 00:21:14 |
He received his second |
| 00:21:17 |
at the White house |
| 00:21:22 |
Your contribution to exploration |
| 00:21:23 |
and scientific research has done honor |
| 00:21:27 |
Your daring and courage have |
| 00:21:32 |
because they have proved anew the |
| 00:21:37 |
which we believe are latent |
| 00:21:46 |
Africa long regarded as |
| 00:21:50 |
and the natural habitat |
| 00:21:59 |
Leading huge safaris deep |
| 00:22:03 |
Martin Johnson typified a new breed |
| 00:22:08 |
His wife, Osa, was equally famous |
| 00:22:11 |
and equally skilled with guns |
| 00:22:16 |
Together the Johnson made a series of |
| 00:22:21 |
and the clichés of African adventure |
| 00:22:50 |
Scenes of African wildlife thrilled |
| 00:22:54 |
at the Johnson's early films |
| 00:23:02 |
Technology, it seemed, |
| 00:23:05 |
Pioneering scientists like |
| 00:23:09 |
where no one had ever been before. |
| 00:23:12 |
Off Bermuda Beebe tried out |
| 00:23:17 |
lowering the two-ton steel ball-to |
| 00:23:22 |
On one test dive the unoccupied |
| 00:23:27 |
Water was trapped inside |
| 00:23:31 |
Releasing it showed what could happen |
| 00:23:52 |
Unperturbed, Beebe and his companion, |
| 00:23:57 |
made repairs and then committed |
| 00:24:06 |
Bolted in, dangling on the end |
| 00:24:10 |
than an inch in diameter, |
| 00:24:12 |
they would be helpless |
| 00:24:21 |
Descending past 2,000 feet, |
| 00:24:24 |
Beebe peered out into |
| 00:24:27 |
and glimpsed creatures no one had |
| 00:24:35 |
Painted by an artist working from |
| 00:24:38 |
these were like creatures from |
| 00:24:41 |
alien and bizarre. |
| 00:24:56 |
Another ocean lay above. |
| 00:24:59 |
Earth's great canopy of air challenged |
| 00:25:03 |
In 1934, with a hydrogen-filled balloon |
| 00:25:07 |
National Geographic |
| 00:25:10 |
joined forces to probe |
| 00:25:14 |
A launch site was readied near |
| 00:25:21 |
The balloon was launched |
| 00:25:25 |
It carried three Air Corps officers |
| 00:25:31 |
All went well as Explorer soared |
| 00:25:36 |
Then, the three men in the gondola |
| 00:25:39 |
heard ominous sounds and, |
| 00:25:42 |
realized that the balloon |
| 00:25:52 |
Fearing the thin air and |
| 00:25:55 |
the balloonists dared not use their |
| 00:26:01 |
They escaped just in time. |
| 00:26:10 |
Explorer shattered on impact. |
| 00:26:13 |
Almost immediately it was decided |
| 00:26:17 |
A second balloon, Explorer II, |
| 00:26:21 |
The largest balloon in the world, |
| 00:26:23 |
it would stand more than 300 feet high |
| 00:26:38 |
In November 1935 Explorer II soared |
| 00:26:43 |
reaching nearly 14 miles, |
| 00:27:00 |
After eight hours aloft, |
| 00:27:02 |
the balloon touched down |
| 00:27:07 |
Casual heroes, wearing helmets borrowed |
| 00:27:10 |
from a local high-school football team |
| 00:27:12 |
The crew basked in the admiration |
| 00:27:16 |
nowhere on the plains of South Dakota. |
| 00:27:28 |
When World War II began, |
| 00:27:30 |
Washington changed forever as it |
| 00:27:35 |
But the National Geographic |
| 00:27:40 |
The Magazine had become a fixture in |
| 00:27:45 |
Society members wrote to editors as |
| 00:27:50 |
And almost all collected the Magazine |
| 00:27:52 |
because they couldn't bear |
| 00:27:57 |
Techniques of color reproduction were |
| 00:28:01 |
And no one published more |
| 00:28:05 |
than National Geographic. |
| 00:28:08 |
There could only be one subject |
| 00:28:10 |
for the first color cover, |
| 00:28:13 |
But not until 1959 did a picture on |
| 00:28:23 |
Wherever war did not reach, |
| 00:28:28 |
A number of expeditions to Mexico, |
| 00:28:33 |
revealed a mysterious pre-Columbian |
| 00:28:38 |
A series of dramatic discoveries |
| 00:28:42 |
of a gigantic stone head |
| 00:28:47 |
The work pushed the existence of |
| 00:28:52 |
further into antiquity and carried on |
| 00:28:55 |
a Geographic tradition of leadership |
| 00:29:05 |
The war had barely ended when, |
| 00:29:09 |
a new species of man appeared. |
| 00:29:12 |
Led by Jacques-Yves Cousteau, |
| 00:29:14 |
these creatures, awkward on land, |
| 00:29:17 |
were originally called "fish men". |
| 00:29:25 |
Co-inventor of the Aqua-Lung Cousteau |
| 00:29:32 |
National Geographic photographer |
| 00:29:36 |
into a dazzling new world. |
| 00:29:43 |
Cousteau once remarked: |
| 00:29:45 |
when we are invited to |
| 00:29:48 |
There is no reason we should not |
| 00:29:52 |
But unlike some explorers before him, |
| 00:29:57 |
but to cherish the creatures of the sea. |
| 00:30:29 |
By the 1950s there were |
| 00:30:33 |
that did not bear the mark of man. |
| 00:30:38 |
One of them was the summit |
| 00:30:44 |
the last great prize of |
| 00:31:01 |
An era came to an end with |
| 00:31:05 |
and when President Dwight Eisenhower |
| 00:31:10 |
to the British Everest |
| 00:31:12 |
Sir John Hunt, |
| 00:31:19 |
But there would be new adventures |
| 00:31:54 |
The first National Geographic |
| 00:31:58 |
American expedition to Everest, |
| 00:32:03 |
The climbing team of 19 Americans |
| 00:32:06 |
and 32 Nepaless Sherpas |
| 00:32:09 |
And, on television, tens of millions |
| 00:32:17 |
And on the morning of May 1st, |
| 00:32:20 |
the peak is boiling in |
| 00:32:24 |
Those below were sure that there |
| 00:32:28 |
But they were wrong. |
| 00:32:30 |
Big Jim and Gombu decide to |
| 00:32:33 |
and for hour after hour inch up the |
| 00:32:39 |
For a while Norman Dyhrenfurth and |
| 00:32:43 |
But the cold is too bitter, |
| 00:32:47 |
Filmmaking is all but impossible. |
| 00:32:50 |
At last Norman and Ang Dawa turn back. |
| 00:32:54 |
Jim and Gombu go on alone. |
| 00:33:01 |
At last... |
| 00:33:07 |
They are there |
| 00:33:09 |
on top of the world. |
| 00:33:11 |
Jim Whittaker and Nawang Gombu. |
| 00:33:17 |
At one o'clock on the afternoon |
| 00:33:20 |
Whittaker planted the American |
| 00:33:23 |
and with it the flag of |
| 00:33:40 |
These are the first moving pictures |
| 00:34:05 |
Some one-and-a-half |
| 00:34:09 |
forty thousand rolls of film are |
| 00:34:14 |
It's a staggering task merely to |
| 00:34:19 |
All the elements are there. |
| 00:34:21 |
Nice lady with her family. |
| 00:34:23 |
The world, and all that is in it that |
| 00:34:29 |
description of the Society's mission. |
| 00:34:32 |
So editors, writers, |
| 00:34:36 |
to do the impossible in books |
| 00:34:39 |
and other publications, maps and films |
| 00:34:42 |
as well as the 12 annual |
| 00:34:51 |
A typical mind-boggling |
| 00:34:54 |
the press run of one Magazine issue |
| 00:35:04 |
The original vision of Gilbert |
| 00:35:09 |
by the time of his death in 1966. |
| 00:35:12 |
Leadership has passed to his son, |
| 00:35:17 |
Editor of the Magazine for |
| 00:35:21 |
Now Gilbert M. Grosvenor is |
| 00:35:25 |
continuing family traditions that |
| 00:35:30 |
and even to the North Pole. |
| 00:35:32 |
I think it all started when my |
| 00:35:35 |
And this was, I guess, in about maybe |
| 00:35:40 |
because I was still in college. |
| 00:35:41 |
And he sent us a little postcard. |
| 00:35:42 |
It had the North Pole |
| 00:35:45 |
longitude and latitude |
| 00:35:47 |
And he signed it and said, |
| 00:35:50 |
And then my father he |
| 00:35:53 |
and he did the same thing. |
| 00:35:56 |
And I was kind of getting tired of this. |
| 00:35:58 |
Gilbert Grosvenor's visit the |
| 00:36:02 |
Accompanied by underwater |
| 00:36:06 |
and Canadian explorer Joe MacInnis, |
| 00:36:08 |
he would join the select few |
| 00:36:11 |
who have ventured under |
| 00:36:27 |
Under six feet of ice, in 29° water, |
| 00:36:31 |
human life hangs by |
| 00:36:36 |
As fragile as the flame |
| 00:36:39 |
the human spirit trembles here, |
| 00:36:42 |
Even as it did in the time of Peary. |
| 00:37:19 |
Have you ever? |
| 00:37:21 |
Have you ever? |
| 00:37:30 |
Seventy years ago this flag came to |
| 00:37:34 |
Terrific. |
| 00:37:35 |
And it's a great pleasure |
| 00:37:38 |
We say we have explored the earth. |
| 00:37:41 |
But there are still regions almost as |
| 00:37:47 |
Most dramatically, |
| 00:37:49 |
seven-tenths of the earth's surface |
| 00:37:53 |
and we have only a hazy idea of what |
| 00:37:59 |
You ready for me? |
| 00:38:01 |
This is "Project Beebe", |
| 00:38:03 |
a pioneering study of |
| 00:38:07 |
The remarkable Dr. Eugenie Clark, |
| 00:38:10 |
University of Maryland zoologist |
| 00:38:13 |
is the principal scientist. |
| 00:38:16 |
I don't know about that laser the |
| 00:38:20 |
The project is the brainchild |
| 00:38:23 |
A National Geographic photographer |
| 00:38:26 |
who is an expert on deep-sea |
| 00:38:32 |
Aboard the research submersible |
| 00:38:36 |
Dr. Clark will descend several thousand |
| 00:38:40 |
and remain there up to 12 hours. |
| 00:38:43 |
She'll use the submersible as a |
| 00:38:47 |
attracting marine animals with bait. |
| 00:38:54 |
Here off Bermuda, William Beebe made |
| 00:39:00 |
And the curiosity that drove him |
| 00:39:05 |
Never though I'd be doing this. |
| 00:39:07 |
You know, as a child, I worshipped |
| 00:39:11 |
and wanted to go down in the |
| 00:39:15 |
Never really though I'd do it, |
| 00:39:26 |
This one is huge. This one is big. |
| 00:39:30 |
Oh, my gosh! |
| 00:39:33 |
Within minutes deep-sea sharks appear. |
| 00:39:37 |
Up to 20 feet long, |
| 00:39:39 |
these six gill sharks have only rarely |
| 00:39:52 |
Yeah, it really is exciting. |
| 00:39:55 |
Wow! You ought to see the |
| 00:39:58 |
We've got the biggest one so far. |
| 00:40:00 |
He's right outside the window now. |
| 00:40:07 |
It will take generations to fully |
| 00:40:12 |
And no one can say what strange |
| 00:40:25 |
Off the Mediterranean coast of Turkey, |
| 00:40:28 |
National Geographic has helped |
| 00:40:32 |
that was wrecked here 3,400 years ago. |
| 00:40:36 |
Now a word about |
| 00:40:38 |
We're working in the upper part of the |
| 00:40:42 |
just thick with amphoras and |
| 00:40:45 |
And so I want you to |
| 00:40:47 |
George Bass is from |
| 00:40:51 |
One of the world's leading |
| 00:40:54 |
He has been completely absorbed |
| 00:40:58 |
50 yards from shore and |
| 00:41:14 |
Slowly, the evidence mounts up. |
| 00:41:19 |
Bass and his team have |
| 00:41:23 |
of such an ancient ship. |
| 00:41:25 |
It was about 50 feet long |
| 00:41:28 |
and carried goods of at |
| 00:41:32 |
including pottery, ivory, tin, |
| 00:41:39 |
But the principal cargo was copper |
| 00:41:41 |
some 200 ingots, |
| 00:41:49 |
When combined with tin, |
| 00:41:53 |
and the wreck did prove to be of |
| 00:41:56 |
the oldest shipwreck known. |
| 00:42:01 |
In 1986 an expedition from Woods Hole, |
| 00:42:06 |
sought to explore the most celebrated |
| 00:42:11 |
A luxury liner that sank in 1912 |
| 00:42:21 |
For years the grave of the Titanic has |
| 00:42:26 |
Now he has pinpointed the wreck |
| 00:42:34 |
Here lies Titanic, seen again by human |
| 00:42:45 |
Ballard leached Titanic with Alvin, |
| 00:42:48 |
a manned submersible |
| 00:43:22 |
Knowing that Titanic could be |
| 00:43:26 |
Dr. Ballard felt it necessary |
| 00:43:30 |
that she be left intact. |
| 00:43:33 |
But only a year passed before a rival |
| 00:43:37 |
and took objects from Titanic. |
| 00:43:45 |
Someday we may see beneath the waves |
| 00:43:50 |
and penetrate countless mysteries. |
| 00:43:54 |
There is a great void |
| 00:43:58 |
And this tantalized a scientist named |
| 00:44:02 |
are lured him to a place in Africa |
| 00:44:11 |
And now I'm down |
| 00:44:13 |
My feet are resting on the black |
| 00:44:16 |
the old land surface on |
| 00:44:19 |
And here behind me are the earliest |
| 00:44:23 |
deposits that were formed just |
| 00:44:28 |
It was here that, in 1931, |
| 00:44:31 |
we first found examples of |
| 00:44:34 |
Just a water-worn pebble with a jagged |
| 00:44:37 |
cutting edge stone tools |
| 00:44:40 |
very remote past in time, |
| 00:44:42 |
nearly three times as old as |
| 00:44:45 |
Who were the men who made these tools? |
| 00:44:48 |
Where did they live |
| 00:44:51 |
And that was the problem |
| 00:44:55 |
We wanted the answer: Who these men? |
| 00:45:00 |
In 1959 Leakey and his wife, Mary, |
| 00:45:08 |
a primitive form of ape-man |
| 00:45:10 |
who lived one-and-three-quarter |
| 00:45:14 |
The find stunned the scientific world. |
| 00:45:20 |
For 30 years the Leakeys had |
| 00:45:25 |
Now at last they found support |
| 00:45:27 |
as National Geographic |
| 00:45:31 |
Melville Bell Grosvenor made a |
| 00:45:34 |
that would endure for a |
| 00:45:40 |
Leakey's son Richard |
| 00:45:49 |
In 1984 a team led by Richard Leakey |
| 00:45:53 |
found the nearly complete skeleton |
| 00:45:56 |
one-and-a-half |
| 00:46:01 |
The Leakey legacy endures |
| 00:46:03 |
the now accepted ideas |
| 00:46:07 |
That he is far older |
| 00:46:10 |
and that more than one kind |
| 00:46:14 |
lived at the same time. |
| 00:46:19 |
Louis Leakey's interest in human |
| 00:46:24 |
As his urging |
| 00:46:28 |
of chimpanzee behavior in the wild. |
| 00:46:45 |
Goodall's study led to a |
| 00:46:48 |
similarities between |
| 00:46:52 |
The chimps form distinct family groups |
| 00:46:55 |
They use tools and |
| 00:46:59 |
And over the years Jane Goodall came |
| 00:47:14 |
Another of Leakey's disciples |
| 00:47:17 |
the mountain gorilla in Rwanda. |
| 00:47:21 |
With extraordinary patience, |
| 00:47:26 |
in winning the trust of these powerful |
| 00:47:31 |
At such moments of contact |
| 00:47:34 |
Dian was deeply moved |
| 00:47:41 |
One of her favorites was "Digit", |
| 00:47:44 |
so-called because of his twisted, |
| 00:47:53 |
In December 1977 Digit was |
| 00:47:58 |
probably to sell his hands as souvenirs. |
| 00:48:03 |
Later, other mountain gorillas in Dian's |
| 00:48:11 |
Finally, Dian herself was murdered by |
| 00:48:15 |
quite possibly poachers. |
| 00:48:18 |
As much as any recent event, |
| 00:48:20 |
her death foreshadowed a desperate |
| 00:48:25 |
We are led to ask: |
| 00:48:27 |
If we cannot protect wild creatures, |
| 00:48:46 |
In the remote highlands of |
| 00:48:49 |
there lives a group |
| 00:48:52 |
They call themselves the "Hagahai". |
| 00:48:55 |
Until a few years ago no outsiders |
| 00:49:01 |
And they have been so isolated |
| 00:49:05 |
to protect them against |
| 00:49:10 |
Dr. Carol Jenkins is a |
| 00:49:14 |
She first came here to document |
| 00:49:17 |
She returned to try to save them. |
| 00:49:23 |
As part of a medical team, |
| 00:49:25 |
Jenkins is fighting a desperate |
| 00:49:32 |
This baby is special because it's |
| 00:49:39 |
There have been eight babies born |
| 00:49:43 |
There have been eight babies is about |
| 00:49:48 |
and it's the only living baby. |
| 00:49:53 |
The Hagahai are so vulnerable, |
| 00:49:56 |
only the most wrenching |
| 00:49:59 |
Trained to observe such cultures, |
| 00:50:02 |
Carol Jenkins finds herself helping |
| 00:50:23 |
As tropical rain forests give way |
| 00:50:26 |
there is danger on every hand. |
| 00:50:30 |
This is the richest, |
| 00:50:35 |
From it have come many of our drugs, |
| 00:50:37 |
our food plants, our useful chemicals. |
| 00:50:41 |
Can we survive without this |
| 00:50:48 |
As the century of |
| 00:50:51 |
a century of destruction |
| 00:50:55 |
And of all living creatures |
| 00:51:00 |
what the future holds |
| 00:51:17 |
Often quietly and in |
| 00:51:21 |
the task of discovery goes on. |
| 00:51:24 |
And technology can make |
| 00:51:30 |
A few years ago Jean Mueller |
| 00:51:34 |
Seeking a new challenge, |
| 00:51:36 |
she went to work for |
| 00:51:43 |
Jean works on the |
| 00:51:46 |
a project partially sponsored by |
| 00:51:50 |
Its goal is to make a photographic |
| 00:51:54 |
that shows more detail |
| 00:52:02 |
On a mountaintop in the dead of night, |
| 00:52:05 |
Jean often sees what no one |
| 00:52:09 |
an image on a newly developed |
| 00:52:22 |
Each pinpoint on the plate is a star, |
| 00:52:28 |
worlds upon worlds so numerous that |
| 00:52:45 |
The scale of this vision is staggering |
| 00:52:48 |
Every plate contains |
| 00:52:52 |
And it will take 894 separate plates |
| 00:52:59 |
And this represents the |
| 00:53:05 |
To explore this, much less |
| 00:53:10 |
But what wonders have we seen |
| 00:53:15 |
And in the next hundred, what more? |
