|
Shoah
|
| 00:00:58 |
RUTH ELIAS (ISRAEL) |
| 00:11:50 |
C rematorium V |
| 00:11:55 |
At the end of February, |
| 00:11:57 |
I was in a night squad |
| 00:12:05 |
Around midnight, |
| 00:12:08 |
a man from |
| 00:12:12 |
Oberscharfuhrer Hustek. |
| 00:12:18 |
He handed Oberscharfuhrer |
| 00:12:30 |
Voss was then in charge |
| 00:12:35 |
of the 4 crematoria. |
| 00:12:42 |
I saw |
| 00:12:44 |
Voss unfold the note |
| 00:12:52 |
and talk to himself, |
| 00:12:57 |
"What'd they do without Voss? |
| 00:13:02 |
That's how he talked |
| 00:13:04 |
Suddenly he told me, |
| 00:13:08 |
I fetched the kapos, |
| 00:13:13 |
and kapo Wacek. |
| 00:13:16 |
They came in, |
| 00:13:20 |
"How many pieces |
| 00:13:22 |
By "pieces" he meant bodies. |
| 00:13:24 |
They told him: |
| 00:13:30 |
He said: "By morning, |
| 00:13:38 |
"reduced to ashes. |
| 00:13:41 |
"You're sure it's 500?" |
| 00:13:44 |
"Just about", they said. |
| 00:13:46 |
"Assholes! What do you mean |
| 00:13:50 |
Then he left |
| 00:13:52 |
for the "undressing room" |
| 00:13:57 |
Where the bodies were. |
| 00:13:59 |
They were piled there: |
| 00:14:03 |
At Crematorium V, the |
| 00:14:05 |
as a warehouse for bodies |
| 00:14:07 |
After the gassing? |
| 00:14:09 |
After the gassing the bodies |
| 00:14:13 |
Voss went there to check. |
| 00:14:16 |
He forgot the note |
| 00:14:24 |
leaving it on the table. |
| 00:14:26 |
I quickly scanned it |
| 00:14:29 |
and was shocked |
| 00:14:34 |
BIRKENAU |
| 00:14:42 |
The crematorium was |
| 00:14:49 |
for "special treatment" |
| 00:15:03 |
In the morning, when |
| 00:15:09 |
I ran into kapo Kaminski, |
| 00:15:13 |
one of the Resistance |
| 00:15:20 |
and told him the news. |
| 00:15:24 |
He informed me |
| 00:15:27 |
that Crematorium II |
| 00:15:30 |
was also being prepared. |
| 00:15:34 |
That the ovens were |
| 00:15:45 |
And he exhorted me: |
| 00:15:48 |
"You have friends |
| 00:15:53 |
"Go see them. They're |
| 00:15:58 |
"so they can go |
| 00:16:02 |
"Tell them to warn |
| 00:16:05 |
"of what's |
| 00:16:08 |
"and say that if they defend |
| 00:16:11 |
"the crematoria to ashes. |
| 00:16:17 |
"And at camp B II B, |
| 00:16:21 |
"burn down |
| 00:16:28 |
We were certain |
| 00:16:31 |
these people |
| 00:16:34 |
But when no night squad |
| 00:16:40 |
The deadline had been |
| 00:16:44 |
postponed for a few days. |
| 00:16:47 |
But many prisoners, |
| 00:16:51 |
in the family camp, |
| 00:16:57 |
of having |
| 00:17:01 |
circulated |
| 00:17:03 |
false reports. |
| 00:27:08 |
That night I was |
| 00:27:17 |
As soon as the people |
| 00:27:23 |
they were blinded |
| 00:27:26 |
and forced through |
| 00:27:29 |
to the stairs leading to |
| 00:27:36 |
They were blinded, |
| 00:27:40 |
Blows were rained on them. |
| 00:27:44 |
Those who didn't run fast |
| 00:27:48 |
By the SS. |
| 00:27:51 |
The violence used against |
| 00:27:56 |
And suddenly... |
| 00:27:58 |
Without explanation? |
| 00:28:00 |
Not a word. As soon as |
| 00:28:05 |
the beatings began. |
| 00:28:10 |
When they entered |
| 00:28:13 |
I was standing near |
| 00:28:17 |
and from there |
| 00:28:21 |
I witnessed |
| 00:28:25 |
The people were bloodied. |
| 00:28:29 |
They knew |
| 00:28:32 |
They stared at the pillars |
| 00:28:38 |
"International Information |
| 00:28:42 |
and that terrified them. |
| 00:28:44 |
What they read |
| 00:28:46 |
On the contrary, |
| 00:28:50 |
They knew the score. |
| 00:28:54 |
at Camp B II B |
| 00:28:58 |
They were in despair. |
| 00:29:03 |
Their mothers, |
| 00:29:07 |
their parents, |
| 00:29:09 |
overcome with misery. |
| 00:29:12 |
Suddenly, |
| 00:29:14 |
some SS officers appeared |
| 00:29:19 |
including the camp |
| 00:29:26 |
He'd given them his word |
| 00:29:32 |
that they'd be |
| 00:29:35 |
transferred |
| 00:29:38 |
So they all began |
| 00:29:41 |
to cry out, |
| 00:29:45 |
"Heidebreck was a trick! |
| 00:29:49 |
"We were lied to! We want |
| 00:29:54 |
They looked their SS |
| 00:29:59 |
but the SS men |
| 00:30:04 |
remained impassive, |
| 00:30:06 |
just staring at them. There |
| 00:30:11 |
They probably wanted |
| 00:30:16 |
and tell them how |
| 00:30:19 |
then some guards |
| 00:30:24 |
wielding clubs, |
| 00:30:27 |
and more people |
| 00:30:30 |
In the "undressing room"? |
| 00:30:31 |
Yes. |
| 00:30:33 |
The violence climaxed |
| 00:30:35 |
when they tried to force |
| 00:30:44 |
A few obeyed, |
| 00:30:46 |
only a handful. |
| 00:30:49 |
Most of them refused |
| 00:30:56 |
Suddenly, as though |
| 00:31:01 |
like a chorus... |
| 00:31:09 |
The whole "undressing room" |
| 00:31:14 |
with the Czech |
| 00:31:18 |
and the "Hatikva". |
| 00:31:21 |
That moved me terribly, |
| 00:31:43 |
Please stop! |
| 00:31:47 |
That was happening |
| 00:31:52 |
and I realized |
| 00:31:55 |
that my life |
| 00:31:59 |
Why go on living? |
| 00:32:04 |
So I went into |
| 00:32:12 |
resolved to die. |
| 00:32:16 |
With them. |
| 00:32:19 |
Suddenly, some who recognize |
| 00:32:24 |
my locksmith friends |
| 00:32:28 |
gone into |
| 00:32:34 |
A small group |
| 00:32:40 |
They looked at me and said |
| 00:32:44 |
You were inside |
| 00:32:47 |
One of them said: |
| 00:32:53 |
"So you want to die. |
| 00:32:58 |
"Your death won't give us |
| 00:33:03 |
"That's no way. |
| 00:33:07 |
"You must get out of |
| 00:33:12 |
"you must bear witness |
| 00:33:16 |
"and to the injustice |
| 00:35:02 |
RUDOLF VRBA |
| 00:35:07 |
escaped on april 7, 1944. |
| 00:35:11 |
Several prisonners had prev iously |
| 00:38:28 |
JAN KARSKY, |
| 00:38:32 |
Former courier of the Polish |
| 00:46:13 |
NEW YORK |
| 00:48:27 |
WASHINGTON |
| 00:52:26 |
The RUHR |
| 00:56:23 |
AUSCHWITZ - BIRKENAU |
| 01:00:59 |
WARSAW |
| 00:12:09 |
Next figure: |
| 00:12:17 |
the Nazi Commissioner |
| 00:12:50 |
You don't remember |
| 00:12:57 |
Not much. |
| 00:13:01 |
I recall more clearly |
| 00:13:04 |
mountaineering trips than |
| 00:13:06 |
and those days in Warsaw. |
| 00:13:12 |
All in all, |
| 00:13:20 |
It's a fact: We tend |
| 00:13:25 |
the bad times more easily |
| 00:13:33 |
The bad times |
| 00:13:41 |
I'll help you remember... |
| 00:13:49 |
In Warsaw you were |
| 00:13:56 |
Yes. |
| 00:14:00 |
Dr. Auerswald was... |
| 00:14:02 |
Commissioner of the |
| 00:14:08 |
Dr. Grassler, this is |
| 00:14:12 |
You're mentioned in it. |
| 00:14:14 |
It's been printed, |
| 00:14:16 |
He kept a diary |
| 00:14:21 |
that was recently |
| 00:14:29 |
He wrote on July 7, 1941: |
| 00:14:37 |
July 7, 1941? That's the |
| 00:14:44 |
May I take notes? |
| 00:14:46 |
After all... |
| 00:14:50 |
So in July I was |
| 00:14:56 |
He wrote on July 7, 1941: |
| 00:15:01 |
"Morning in the Community" |
| 00:15:07 |
"and later with |
| 00:15:11 |
Schlosser was... |
| 00:15:13 |
"And Grassler, |
| 00:15:17 |
"on routine matters." |
| 00:15:21 |
That's the first time... |
| 00:15:23 |
That my name is mentioned... |
| 00:15:25 |
Yes, but there were 3 of us. |
| 00:15:29 |
Schlosser... was in... |
| 00:15:32 |
I think he had to do |
| 00:15:36 |
And the second time |
| 00:15:41 |
was on July 22. |
| 00:15:46 |
C ZERN IAKOW was president |
| 00:15:52 |
He wrote every day? |
| 00:15:54 |
Yes. |
| 00:15:56 |
Yes, every day. |
| 00:15:58 |
It's quite amazing |
| 00:16:02 |
that the diary was saved. |
| 00:16:04 |
It's amazing |
| 00:16:12 |
BURLINGTON - VERMONT |
| 00:17:12 |
RAUL HILBERG |
| 00:22:38 |
Did you go |
| 00:22:41 |
Seldom. When I had |
| 00:22:46 |
What were |
| 00:22:49 |
Awful. Yes, appalling. |
| 00:22:53 |
Yes? |
| 00:22:54 |
I never went back when |
| 00:23:00 |
Unless I had to: |
| 00:23:03 |
I think I only went |
| 00:23:08 |
We, at the Commission, |
| 00:23:11 |
to maintain the ghetto |
| 00:23:16 |
and especially to prevent |
| 00:23:20 |
That was the big danger. |
| 00:23:28 |
Yes. |
| 00:23:29 |
Yes? |
| 00:23:30 |
Can you tell us |
| 00:23:35 |
I'm not a doctor. |
| 00:23:39 |
is a very dangerous |
| 00:23:42 |
that wipes people out |
| 00:23:47 |
and that it can't be |
| 00:23:50 |
If typhus had broken out... |
| 00:23:54 |
but there was fear |
| 00:23:57 |
it would have it the Poles |
| 00:24:00 |
Why was there typhus |
| 00:24:04 |
I don't know if there was, |
| 00:24:06 |
but there was a danger, |
| 00:24:10 |
People didn't get |
| 00:24:13 |
That's what was so awful. |
| 00:24:17 |
We at the Commission, |
| 00:24:22 |
did our best to feed |
| 00:24:26 |
so it wouldn't become |
| 00:24:33 |
Aside from humanitarian |
| 00:24:38 |
If typhus had broken out... |
| 00:24:43 |
it wouldn't have stopped |
| 00:24:47 |
Czerniakow also wrote: |
| 00:24:50 |
That one of the reasons |
| 00:24:57 |
was because |
| 00:25:00 |
Yes, absolutely! |
| 00:25:03 |
He says Germans always |
| 00:25:10 |
Maybe. I'm not sure if there |
| 00:25:15 |
But imagine that mass |
| 00:25:18 |
packed in the ghetto... |
| 00:25:21 |
the Warsaw Jews, |
| 00:25:25 |
The danger kept |
| 00:28:35 |
The Germans had a policy |
| 00:28:43 |
What was that policy? |
| 00:28:48 |
You're asking |
| 00:28:51 |
The policy that wound up |
| 00:28:55 |
the Final Solution... |
| 00:28:59 |
Our job was |
| 00:29:02 |
and try to preserve |
| 00:29:08 |
The Commission's goal, |
| 00:29:10 |
in fact, was |
| 00:29:14 |
the one that later |
| 00:29:21 |
Yes, but do you know |
| 00:29:24 |
in the ghetto |
| 00:29:28 |
I don't know now... |
| 00:29:31 |
But you did know. |
| 00:29:37 |
I probably knew... |
| 00:29:40 |
Yes: 5,000 a month. |
| 00:29:43 |
5,000 a month? Yes, well... |
| 00:29:45 |
That's a lot. |
| 00:29:47 |
That's a lot, of course. |
| 00:29:50 |
far too many people in |
| 00:29:55 |
Far too many. |
| 00:29:56 |
Far too many. |
| 00:30:04 |
My question is philosophical. |
| 00:30:08 |
What does a ghetto mean, |
| 00:30:16 |
History's full of ghettos, |
| 00:30:20 |
going back centuries, |
| 00:30:23 |
Persecution of the Jews |
| 00:30:30 |
and it didn't start |
| 00:30:36 |
The Poles persecuted |
| 00:30:43 |
But a ghetto like Warsaw's, |
| 00:30:48 |
in the heart of the city |
| 00:30:51 |
that was unusual. |
| 00:31:01 |
You say you wanted |
| 00:31:05 |
Our mission wasn't |
| 00:31:09 |
but to keep it alive, |
| 00:31:12 |
What does "alive" |
| 00:31:16 |
That was the problem. |
| 00:31:18 |
That was the whole problem... |
| 00:31:23 |
But people were dying |
| 00:31:27 |
There were bodies everywhere. |
| 00:31:30 |
Yes. |
| 00:31:33 |
That was the paradox. |
| 00:31:35 |
You see it as a paradox? |
| 00:31:37 |
I'm sure of it. |
| 00:31:39 |
Why? Can you explain? |
| 00:31:43 |
No. |
| 00:31:45 |
Why not? |
| 00:31:47 |
Explain what? |
| 00:31:51 |
But the fact is... |
| 00:31:54 |
Jews were being exterminated |
| 00:31:59 |
Czerniakow wrote... |
| 00:32:01 |
To maintain it properly |
| 00:32:05 |
more substantial rations, |
| 00:32:07 |
and less crowding. |
| 00:32:10 |
Why weren't the rations |
| 00:32:17 |
Why weren't they? |
| 00:32:19 |
That was a German |
| 00:32:22 |
There was no real decision |
| 00:32:25 |
to starve the ghetto. |
| 00:32:29 |
The big decision to |
| 00:32:34 |
That's right, later. |
| 00:32:39 |
Precisely! |
| 00:32:41 |
3 years later. |
| 00:32:43 |
Just so. Our mission, |
| 00:32:48 |
was to manage the ghetto, |
| 00:32:53 |
and, naturally, with those |
| 00:32:57 |
and the overcrowding, |
| 00:32:59 |
a high, even excessive, |
| 00:33:06 |
Yes. |
| 00:33:11 |
What does "maintain" the |
| 00:33:15 |
the food, sanitation, etc.? |
| 00:33:19 |
What would the Jews do |
| 00:33:29 |
They couldn't do anything. |
| 00:36:28 |
The Final Solution Conference |
| 00:38:23 |
BELZEC - S ite |
| 00:40:11 |
Why did Czerniakow |
| 00:40:16 |
Because he realized |
| 00:40:19 |
there was no future |
| 00:40:23 |
He probably saw before I did |
| 00:40:31 |
I suppose the Jews |
| 00:40:35 |
their excellent |
| 00:40:38 |
They were too well informed, |
| 00:40:43 |
Think so? |
| 00:40:44 |
Yes, I do. |
| 00:40:46 |
The Jews knew more than you? |
| 00:40:48 |
I'm convinced of it! |
| 00:40:50 |
It's hard to believe. |
| 00:40:54 |
The German administration |
| 00:40:58 |
of what would happened |
| 00:41:05 |
When was the first |
| 00:41:15 |
Before Auerswald's suicide, |
| 00:41:20 |
Auerswald's? |
| 00:41:21 |
I mean Czerniakow's. Sorry. |
| 00:41:25 |
July 22. |
| 00:41:28 |
Those are dates... |
| 00:41:32 |
So the deportations began |
| 00:41:36 |
Yes. |
| 00:41:39 |
To... Treblinka. |
| 00:41:41 |
And Czerniakow killed |
| 00:41:45 |
Yes, that is... |
| 00:41:47 |
The next day. |
| 00:41:49 |
The next day. So that was it, |
| 00:41:51 |
that his idea... |
| 00:41:56 |
of working in good faith |
| 00:42:00 |
in the Jews' best interests. |
| 00:42:04 |
He'd realized this idea, |
| 00:42:09 |
That the idea was a dream. |
| 00:42:12 |
Yes. And when |
| 00:42:16 |
he took the logical way out. |
| 00:47:11 |
Did you think this idea |
| 00:47:16 |
A sort of self-management, |
| 00:47:18 |
That's right. |
| 00:47:19 |
A mini-State? |
| 00:47:21 |
It worked well. |
| 00:47:25 |
But it was self-management |
| 00:47:28 |
We know that now. |
| 00:47:31 |
Even then! |
| 00:47:33 |
No! |
| 00:47:34 |
Czerniakow wrote: |
| 00:47:37 |
"We're puppets, |
| 00:47:40 |
Yes. |
| 00:47:41 |
No power. |
| 00:47:42 |
Sure... that was... |
| 00:47:45 |
You Germans |
| 00:47:49 |
Yes. |
| 00:47:50 |
The overlords. The masters. |
| 00:47:52 |
Obviously. |
| 00:47:54 |
Czerniakow was merely a tool. |
| 00:47:59 |
Yes, but a good tool. |
| 00:48:03 |
Jewish self-management |
| 00:48:10 |
It worked well for 3 years, |
| 00:48:16 |
1941, 1942, 1943... 21/2 |
| 00:48:20 |
In the end... |
| 00:48:21 |
"Worked well" for what? |
| 00:48:27 |
For self-preservation. |
| 00:48:30 |
No! For death! |
| 00:48:32 |
Yes, but... |
| 00:48:33 |
Self-management, |
| 00:48:36 |
That's easy to say now. |
| 00:48:39 |
You admitted the conditions |
| 00:48:44 |
Atrocious... horrible! |
| 00:48:47 |
Yes. |
| 00:48:48 |
So it was clear even then... |
| 00:48:53 |
No! Extermination |
| 00:48:57 |
Now we see the result. |
| 00:48:59 |
Extermination isn't so |
| 00:49:04 |
then another, and another, |
| 00:49:07 |
Yes. |
| 00:49:10 |
But to understand |
| 00:49:14 |
I repeat: Extermination |
| 00:49:20 |
the ghetto, not at first. |
| 00:49:26 |
Evacuations? |
| 00:49:28 |
The evacuations |
| 00:49:30 |
The ghetto could have been |
| 00:49:35 |
as was finally done, |
| 00:49:39 |
After I'd left. |
| 00:49:43 |
Mr. Lanzmann, this is |
| 00:49:47 |
We're reaching no |
| 00:49:51 |
I don't think we can. |
| 00:49:56 |
I didn't know |
| 00:50:02 |
You weren't a nonentity. |
| 00:50:06 |
But I was! |
| 00:50:07 |
You were important. |
| 00:50:10 |
You overestimate my role. |
| 00:50:12 |
No. |
| 00:50:15 |
You were 2nd |
| 00:50:18 |
of the Warsaw |
| 00:50:20 |
But I had no power. |
| 00:50:22 |
It was something. |
| 00:50:24 |
You were part of the vast |
| 00:50:28 |
Correct. But a small part. |
| 00:50:31 |
You overestimate the authority |
| 00:50:36 |
- You were 30. |
| 00:50:38 |
At 30, you were... |
| 00:50:44 |
you were mature. |
| 00:50:48 |
Yes, but for a lawyer |
| 00:50:51 |
who got his degree at 27, |
| 00:51:00 |
You had a doctorate. |
| 00:51:01 |
The title proves nothing. |
| 00:51:05 |
Did Auerswald have one too? |
| 00:51:07 |
No. But the title's |
| 00:51:10 |
Doctor of Law... |
| 00:51:12 |
What did you do |
| 00:51:16 |
I was with a moutaineering |
| 00:51:21 |
That so? |
| 00:51:23 |
I wrote and published |
| 00:51:28 |
I published a climbers' |
| 00:51:31 |
Is climbing |
| 00:51:35 |
Yes. |
| 00:51:37 |
The mountains, the air... |
| 00:51:39 |
Yes. |
| 00:51:40 |
The sun, the pure air... |
| 00:51:43 |
Not like the ghetto air. |
| 00:53:38 |
N EW YORK. |
| 00:53:43 |
LOHAME HAGHETTAOT |
| 00:53:47 |
Ghetto fighters' Kibbutz |
| 00:53:51 |
The Jewish Combat Organization |
| 00:53:56 |
was officially formed |
| 00:54:00 |
After the first mass |
| 00:54:04 |
wich was interrupted |
| 00:54:07 |
some 60,000 Jews |
| 00:54:12 |
On January 18, 1943, the |
| 00:54:16 |
Despite a severe lack |
| 00:54:19 |
the members of the J.C.O. |
| 00:54:23 |
and started fighting, to the |
| 00:54:27 |
It lasted 3 days. |
| 00:54:30 |
The Nazis withdrew |
| 00:54:33 |
abandoning weapons |
| 00:54:37 |
The deportations |
| 00:54:40 |
The Germans now knew |
| 00:54:43 |
they had to fight |
| 00:54:47 |
The battle began on the |
| 00:54:51 |
the eve of Pessach |
| 00:54:55 |
It had to be a fight |
| 00:55:58 |
SIMHA ROTTEM, |
| 00:56:02 |
ITZHAK ZUCKERMANN, |
| 00:56:05 |
2nd in command of the J.C.O. |
| 00:56:12 |
I began drinking |
| 00:56:23 |
It was very difficult. |
| 00:56:41 |
Claude, you asked |
| 00:56:46 |
If you could lick my heart, |
| 00:56:49 |
it would poison you. |
| 00:56:55 |
At the request |
| 00:56:59 |
commander-in-chief |
| 00:57:02 |
Antek had left the ghetto 6 |
| 00:57:07 |
His mission: |
| 00:57:09 |
To ask Polish Resistance |
| 00:57:14 |
They refused. |
| 00:58:16 |
I don't think the human |
| 00:58:21 |
the horror we went |
| 00:58:26 |
In the streets, if you |
| 00:58:30 |
for nothing was left |
| 00:58:33 |
we had to step |
| 00:58:38 |
There was no room |
| 00:58:41 |
Besides fighting the Germans |
| 00:58:45 |
and thirst. |
| 00:58:47 |
We had no contact |
| 00:58:50 |
we were completely isolated, |
| 00:59:09 |
We were in such a state |
| 00:59:11 |
that we could |
| 00:59:14 |
the very meaning of |
| 00:59:25 |
We thought of attempting |
| 00:59:29 |
to the Aryan part of |
| 00:59:47 |
Just before May I, |
| 00:59:49 |
Sigmund and I were sent |
| 00:59:52 |
to try to contact |
| 01:00:13 |
We found a tunnel |
| 01:00:18 |
that led out |
| 01:00:53 |
Early in the morning, |
| 01:00:55 |
we suddenly emerged into |
| 01:01:08 |
Imagine us |
| 01:01:11 |
stunned to find ourselves in |
| 01:01:16 |
We'd come from |
| 01:01:56 |
People immediately |
| 01:02:01 |
because we certainly |
| 01:02:04 |
skinny, in rags. |
| 01:02:08 |
Around the ghetto, |
| 01:02:10 |
suspicious Poles |
| 01:02:24 |
By a miracle, |
| 01:02:41 |
In Aryan Warsaw, |
| 01:02:44 |
life went on as naturally |
| 01:02:46 |
and normally as before. |
| 01:03:06 |
The cafés operated normally, |
| 01:03:09 |
buses, streetcars... |
| 01:03:11 |
The movies were open. |
| 01:03:19 |
The ghetto was an isolated |
| 01:03:56 |
Our job was to contact |
| 01:04:02 |
to try to mount |
| 01:04:05 |
to try to save |
| 01:04:07 |
the few fighters who might |
| 01:04:14 |
We managed |
| 01:04:26 |
We found two sewer workers. |
| 01:04:48 |
On the night of May 8-9, |
| 01:04:50 |
we decided to return |
| 01:04:53 |
with another buddy, |
| 01:04:58 |
After the curfew, |
| 01:05:15 |
We were entirely at the |
| 01:05:19 |
since only they knew the |
| 01:05:37 |
Halfway there, |
| 01:05:41 |
they tried to drop us, |
| 01:05:43 |
and we had to threaten |
| 01:05:51 |
We went on through |
| 01:06:05 |
until one of the workmen |
| 01:06:08 |
we were under the ghetto. |
| 01:06:15 |
Riszek guarded them |
| 01:06:20 |
MILA 18. J.C. O |
| 01:06:27 |
I raised the manhole cover |
| 01:06:30 |
to go up into the ghetto. |
| 01:06:52 |
At bunker Mila 18, |
| 01:07:11 |
I had returned |
| 01:07:17 |
The Germans found the bunker |
| 01:07:22 |
WARS AW the monument |
| 01:07:43 |
Most of its survivors |
| 01:07:47 |
or succumbed to gas |
| 01:07:51 |
The replica of the monument |
| 01:08:44 |
I went to bunker |
| 01:08:49 |
There was no answer when |
| 01:08:56 |
so I had to go |
| 01:08:59 |
I suddenly heard a woman |
| 01:09:42 |
It was darkest night, |
| 01:09:47 |
All the houses were in ruins |
| 01:09:49 |
and I heard only one voice. |
| 01:09:51 |
some evil spell |
| 01:09:55 |
a woman's voice talking |
| 01:09:58 |
I circled the ruins. |
| 01:10:01 |
but I must have spent |
| 01:10:05 |
trying to find the woman |
| 01:10:08 |
but, unfortunately, |
| 01:10:14 |
Were there fires? |
| 01:10:37 |
Strictly speaking, no, for |
| 01:10:41 |
but there was still smoke, |
| 01:10:43 |
and that awful smell |
| 01:10:46 |
of people who had surely |
| 01:11:24 |
I continued on my way, |
| 01:11:27 |
going to other bunkers |
| 01:11:31 |
but it was |
| 01:11:34 |
I'd give the password: |
| 01:11:39 |
That's a Polish first name, |
| 01:11:46 |
Right. And I got no answer. |
| 01:11:48 |
I went from bunker |
| 01:11:52 |
and after walking |
| 01:11:56 |
I went back |
| 01:11:59 |
Was he alone then? |
| 01:12:05 |
Yes, I was alone |
| 01:13:00 |
Except for |
| 01:13:04 |
and a man I met as |
| 01:13:07 |
I was alone throughout |
| 01:13:10 |
I didn't meet a living soul. |
| 01:13:14 |
At one point, I recall |
| 01:13:16 |
feeling a kind of peace, |
| 01:13:20 |
when I said to myself, |
| 01:13:24 |
"I'll wait for morning |
| 00:00:05 |
a train |
| 00:00:11 |
A prisoner |
| 00:00:15 |
saw a woman |
| 00:00:21 |
who was the wife |
| 00:00:28 |
He came right out |
| 00:00:32 |
"You are going |
| 00:00:35 |
"In 3 hours |
| 00:00:46 |
The woman believed him |
| 00:00:57 |
She ran all over and |
| 00:01:00 |
warned to the other women. |
| 00:01:04 |
"We're going to be killed. |
| 00:01:07 |
"We're going to be gassed". |
| 00:01:12 |
Mothers carrying |
| 00:01:16 |
on their shoulders, |
| 00:01:20 |
They decided |
| 00:01:25 |
They chased her away. |
| 00:01:32 |
So she went to the men. |
| 00:01:36 |
To no avail. |
| 00:01:40 |
Not that they didn't |
| 00:01:42 |
They'd heard rumors |
| 00:01:45 |
or in Grodno, and elsewhere. |
| 00:01:48 |
But who wanted |
| 00:01:57 |
When she saw that no one |
| 00:02:01 |
she scratched her |
| 00:02:06 |
Out of despair. In shock. |
| 00:02:09 |
Ans she started to scream. |
| 00:02:16 |
So what happened? |
| 00:02:18 |
Everyone was gassed. The |
| 00:02:24 |
We had to line up |
| 00:02:30 |
First they tortured her |
| 00:02:34 |
because she wouldn't |
| 00:02:39 |
In the end, |
| 00:02:46 |
He was taken out of the line |
| 00:02:52 |
We were told: "Whoever tell |
| 00:03:02 |
We, in the "special detail", |
| 00:03:07 |
if there was a way |
| 00:03:10 |
we could tell people |
| 00:03:16 |
to inform them. |
| 00:03:20 |
But |
| 00:03:22 |
our experience, |
| 00:03:25 |
where we were |
| 00:03:29 |
showed that it was |
| 00:03:31 |
That it made |
| 00:03:34 |
even harder to bear. |
| 00:03:36 |
At most, we thought it |
| 00:03:40 |
Jews from Poland, |
| 00:03:44 |
or Jews from Theresienstdat |
| 00:03:49 |
who'd already spent |
| 00:03:52 |
we thought it might have |
| 00:03:57 |
to tell people. |
| 00:03:59 |
But imagine what |
| 00:04:03 |
Jews from Greece, from |
| 00:04:08 |
who'd been traveling |
| 00:04:12 |
starving, |
| 00:04:14 |
without water for days |
| 00:04:18 |
they were half-crazed |
| 00:04:21 |
They were dealt |
| 00:04:24 |
They were only told: |
| 00:04:26 |
"Get undressed, you'll soon |
| 00:04:33 |
These people were |
| 00:04:37 |
because they'd been |
| 00:04:40 |
that their only thought |
| 00:04:46 |
was to quench |
| 00:04:49 |
And the SS executioners |
| 00:04:53 |
It was all preprogrammed |
| 00:04:59 |
a calculated part of |
| 00:05:03 |
that if people |
| 00:05:06 |
and weren't given |
| 00:05:09 |
they'd rush into |
| 00:05:12 |
But in fact, |
| 00:05:15 |
all these people |
| 00:05:20 |
being exterminated before |
| 00:05:23 |
Think of the children. |
| 00:05:26 |
They begged their mothers, |
| 00:05:29 |
"Mother, please, |
| 00:05:33 |
The adults, too, who'd spent |
| 00:05:37 |
had the same obsession. |
| 00:05:40 |
Informing those people |
| 00:05:53 |
C ORFU |
| 00:09:27 |
MOSHE MORDO |
| 00:09:51 |
These are my nephews. They |
| 00:09:59 |
Two of my brother's kids. |
| 00:10:02 |
They took them to the |
| 00:10:06 |
They were all burned |
| 00:10:19 |
My brother. |
| 00:10:22 |
He was sick, and they put him |
| 00:10:28 |
in the crematorium, |
| 00:10:32 |
That was at Birkenau. |
| 00:10:38 |
The oldest boy was 17, |
| 00:10:42 |
the second was 15. |
| 00:10:46 |
Two more kids "kaput" |
| 00:10:52 |
Yes, 4 children I lost. |
| 00:11:04 |
Your father too? |
| 00:11:08 |
My Dad, him too. |
| 00:11:10 |
How old was your father? |
| 00:11:12 |
Dad was 85 years old. |
| 00:11:16 |
He was |
| 00:11:18 |
85 years old and he died |
| 00:11:21 |
Auschwitz, that's right. |
| 00:11:25 |
85 and he died at Birkenau. |
| 00:11:30 |
My father. |
| 00:11:32 |
Your father made |
| 00:11:43 |
The whole family died. |
| 00:11:45 |
First the gas-chamber, |
| 00:13:55 |
On Friday morning, |
| 00:13:59 |
members of the Corfu Jewish |
| 00:14:03 |
very frightened, |
| 00:14:04 |
and reported |
| 00:14:07 |
This square was full |
| 00:14:12 |
and we went forward. |
| 00:14:14 |
There were even traitors, the |
| 00:14:18 |
After the war |
| 00:14:21 |
to life imprisonment. |
| 00:14:24 |
But they're already free. |
| 00:14:31 |
We were ordered |
| 00:14:35 |
By the street? |
| 00:14:37 |
Yes, by this street. |
| 00:14:38 |
How many of you were there? |
| 00:14:40 |
Exactly 1,650. |
| 00:14:47 |
Quite a crowd? |
| 00:14:49 |
A lot of people. |
| 00:14:53 |
Christians, that's right. |
| 00:14:55 |
Where were the Christians? |
| 00:14:58 |
At the street corner? |
| 00:15:00 |
Yes. And on the balconies. |
| 00:15:04 |
After we gathered here, |
| 00:15:06 |
Gestapo men with machine-guns |
| 00:15:11 |
What time was it? |
| 00:15:14 |
It was 6 a.m. |
| 00:15:15 |
In the morning. |
| 00:15:16 |
A fine day? |
| 00:15:17 |
Yes, the day was fine. |
| 00:15:20 |
6 o'clock in the morning. |
| 00:15:22 |
1,600. That's a lot |
| 00:15:24 |
People gathered. |
| 00:15:26 |
The Christians heard the Jews |
| 00:15:31 |
Why'd they come? |
| 00:15:32 |
To see the show. |
| 00:15:39 |
Let's hope it |
| 00:15:43 |
Were you scared? |
| 00:15:45 |
Very scared. |
| 00:15:49 |
sick people, |
| 00:15:52 |
the old, the crazy, |
| 00:16:00 |
When we saw they'd |
| 00:16:03 |
even the sick |
| 00:16:07 |
we were frightened |
| 00:16:11 |
of the whole community. |
| 00:16:16 |
What were you told? |
| 00:16:17 |
That we were to appear here |
| 00:16:20 |
to be taken |
| 00:16:24 |
Poland. |
| 00:16:25 |
Poland, that's right. |
| 00:16:28 |
The Germans had put up |
| 00:16:31 |
a proclamation on all |
| 00:16:35 |
It said all Jews |
| 00:16:38 |
And now that we were all |
| 00:16:42 |
without us in Greece. |
| 00:16:45 |
It was signed by the police |
| 00:16:48 |
And by the mayors. |
| 00:16:50 |
That it's better |
| 00:16:52 |
Yes. We found out |
| 00:16:55 |
right? |
| 00:16:58 |
Was Corfu antisemitic? |
| 00:17:05 |
Corfu's always |
| 00:17:08 |
It existed, sure, |
| 00:17:11 |
so strong in the years |
| 00:17:14 |
Why not? |
| 00:17:16 |
Because they didn't |
| 00:17:18 |
think like that |
| 00:17:20 |
ARMANDO AARON |
| 00:17:25 |
And now? |
| 00:17:26 |
Now we're free. |
| 00:17:30 |
How do you get on |
| 00:17:32 |
Very well. |
| 00:17:43 |
What'd he say? |
| 00:17:44 |
He asked me what you said. |
| 00:17:46 |
He agrees our relations with |
| 00:18:03 |
Did all the Jews |
| 00:18:05 |
Most of them. |
| 00:18:12 |
What happened |
| 00:18:15 |
They took all our possession |
| 00:18:19 |
They took the keys to our |
| 00:18:26 |
To whom was all this given? |
| 00:18:29 |
By law, it was to go |
| 00:18:33 |
But the state got only |
| 00:18:38 |
The rest was stolen, |
| 00:18:41 |
By whom? |
| 00:18:42 |
By everybody, |
| 00:18:49 |
Of the 1,700 people |
| 00:18:52 |
around 122 were saved. |
| 00:18:56 |
95% of them died. |
| 00:19:01 |
Was it a long trip from |
| 00:19:04 |
We were arrested |
| 00:19:06 |
and finally arrived June 29. |
| 00:19:10 |
Most were burned |
| 00:19:14 |
It lasted from |
| 00:19:20 |
We stayed here |
| 00:19:26 |
Here in the fort. |
| 00:19:30 |
No one dared escape and leaved |
| 00:19:35 |
Our solidarity was |
| 00:19:37 |
on religious |
| 00:19:43 |
The first group |
| 00:19:47 |
I went with the 2nd convoy |
| 00:19:59 |
What kind of a boat |
| 00:20:01 |
A zattera. That's a boat |
| 00:20:05 |
made of barrels |
| 00:20:07 |
It was towed by a small boat |
| 00:20:13 |
On our boat there were 1, |
| 00:20:17 |
not many Germans, |
| 00:20:20 |
You can understand, terror |
| 00:20:45 |
What the journey like? |
| 00:20:47 |
Terrible! Terrible! |
| 00:20:50 |
No water, nothing to eat. |
| 00:20:53 |
90 cars that were good |
| 00:20:59 |
all of us standing up. |
| 00:21:03 |
A lot of us died. |
| 00:21:06 |
Later they put the dead |
| 00:21:10 |
They burned them |
| 00:21:23 |
Next figu re: |
| 00:21:29 |
Former head, Reich Railway s, |
| 00:21:35 |
You never saw a train? |
| 00:21:38 |
No, never. |
| 00:21:40 |
We had so much work, |
| 00:21:44 |
We worked day and night. |
| 00:21:52 |
"G.E.D.O.B." |
| 00:21:54 |
"GEDOB" means |
| 00:21:56 |
"Head office |
| 00:22:02 |
In Jan. 1940, I was assigned |
| 00:22:09 |
In mid-1943, |
| 00:22:15 |
I was made chief |
| 00:22:19 |
Chief of the Traffic |
| 00:22:25 |
But your duties were the same |
| 00:22:32 |
The only change: |
| 00:22:34 |
I was promoted head |
| 00:22:40 |
What were your specific |
| 00:22:44 |
at GEDOB in Poland |
| 00:22:47 |
The work was |
| 00:22:50 |
from the work |
| 00:22:55 |
Preparing timetables, |
| 00:22:58 |
special trains |
| 00:23:04 |
There were |
| 00:23:06 |
Yes. |
| 00:23:08 |
Department 33 was in charge |
| 00:23:12 |
and regular trains. |
| 00:23:16 |
The special trains |
| 00:23:20 |
You were always in the Dept. |
| 00:23:23 |
Yes. |
| 00:23:26 |
What's the difference between |
| 00:23:32 |
A regular train |
| 00:23:35 |
who purchases a ticket. |
| 00:23:41 |
Say from Krakow to Warsaw. |
| 00:23:44 |
Or from Krakow to Lemberg. |
| 00:23:48 |
A special train |
| 00:23:57 |
The train is specially |
| 00:24:00 |
and people |
| 00:24:07 |
Are there still special |
| 00:24:10 |
Of course. |
| 00:24:12 |
Just as there were then. |
| 00:24:15 |
For group vacations you can |
| 00:24:18 |
Yes, for instance, |
| 00:24:22 |
returning home |
| 00:24:28 |
special trains |
| 00:24:31 |
Or else one |
| 00:24:34 |
the traffic. |
| 00:24:38 |
You said after the war |
| 00:24:42 |
trains for |
| 00:24:44 |
After the war, yes. |
| 00:24:47 |
If a king visits Germany |
| 00:24:51 |
that's a special train? |
| 00:24:53 |
That's a special train. |
| 00:24:55 |
But the procedure |
| 00:25:00 |
as for special trains |
| 00:25:03 |
for group tours, |
| 00:25:08 |
State visits are handled |
| 00:25:15 |
Right. May I ask you |
| 00:25:19 |
Why were there |
| 00:25:24 |
during the war, |
| 00:25:27 |
I see what you're |
| 00:25:30 |
You're referring to |
| 00:25:32 |
the so-called |
| 00:25:37 |
"Resettlement". That's it. |
| 00:25:39 |
That's what they were called. |
| 00:25:42 |
were ordered by |
| 00:25:47 |
the Ministry of Transport |
| 00:25:57 |
You needed an order |
| 00:26:02 |
of Transport |
| 00:26:05 |
- In Berlin? |
| 00:26:07 |
And as for |
| 00:26:11 |
the implementation |
| 00:26:14 |
the Head Office |
| 00:26:17 |
in Berlin dealt with it. |
| 00:26:20 |
Yes, I understand. |
| 00:26:22 |
- Is that clear? |
| 00:26:24 |
But mostly, at that time, |
| 00:26:30 |
No! We didn't know that. |
| 00:26:33 |
Only when we were fleeing |
| 00:26:36 |
did we learn that they |
| 00:26:40 |
or criminals |
| 00:26:43 |
Jews, criminals? |
| 00:26:45 |
Criminals. All kinds. |
| 00:26:47 |
Special trains |
| 00:26:49 |
No, that was just |
| 00:26:54 |
You couldn't talk about that. |
| 00:26:57 |
Unless you were tired |
| 00:27:00 |
it was best not |
| 00:27:03 |
But you knew |
| 00:27:07 |
to Treblinka |
| 00:27:10 |
Of course we knew. |
| 00:27:13 |
I was the last district: |
| 00:27:15 |
couldn't reach |
| 00:27:19 |
For instance a train |
| 00:27:21 |
had to go through |
| 00:27:26 |
Hannover, Magdeburg, Berlin, |
| 00:27:32 |
Frankfurt/Oder, |
| 00:27:36 |
So I had to. |
| 00:27:38 |
Did you know that Treblinka |
| 00:27:42 |
Of course not! |
| 00:27:44 |
You didn't know? |
| 00:27:46 |
Good God, no! |
| 00:27:48 |
I never went to Treblinka. |
| 00:27:51 |
Krakow, in Warsaw, |
| 00:27:57 |
You were a... |
| 00:27:59 |
I was strictly |
| 00:28:02 |
I see. |
| 00:28:03 |
But it's astonishing |
| 00:28:06 |
in the department |
| 00:28:10 |
never knew |
| 00:28:14 |
We were at war. |
| 00:28:16 |
Because there were others |
| 00:28:18 |
who worked for |
| 00:28:22 |
Like the train conductors. |
| 00:28:25 |
Yes, they saw it. They did. |
| 00:28:27 |
But as to what happened, |
| 00:28:31 |
What was Treblinka for you? |
| 00:28:35 |
Yes, for us Treblinka, |
| 00:28:39 |
were concentration camps. |
| 00:28:41 |
A destination. |
| 00:28:43 |
Yes, that's all. |
| 00:28:44 |
But not death. |
| 00:28:46 |
No, no. People |
| 00:28:48 |
For instance, for a train |
| 00:28:52 |
or Cologne, or elsewhere, |
| 00:28:58 |
made for them there. |
| 00:29:01 |
Whith the war and the allies |
| 00:29:04 |
those people had to be |
| 00:29:08 |
When exactly |
| 00:29:11 |
Well, when |
| 00:29:15 |
the word got around, |
| 00:29:20 |
It was never said outright. |
| 00:29:23 |
They'd have hauled you off |
| 00:29:27 |
Rumors? |
| 00:29:29 |
That's it, rumors. |
| 00:29:31 |
During the war? |
| 00:29:33 |
Towards the end of the war. |
| 00:29:35 |
Not in 1942? |
| 00:29:37 |
No! Good God, no! |
| 00:29:39 |
Towards the end |
| 00:29:44 |
End of 1944? |
| 00:29:45 |
Not before? |
| 00:29:46 |
What did you...? |
| 00:29:47 |
It was said that |
| 00:29:50 |
people were being sent to |
| 00:29:55 |
who weren't in good healt |
| 00:29:58 |
Extermination came to you |
| 00:30:02 |
Completely. Yes. |
| 00:30:04 |
You had no idea. |
| 00:30:06 |
Not the slightest. Like that |
| 00:30:11 |
It was in the Oppeln district. |
| 00:30:16 |
Yes. |
| 00:30:17 |
Auschwitz was |
| 00:30:19 |
Right. Auschwitz wasn't far |
| 00:30:23 |
That's true. |
| 00:30:24 |
We never heard |
| 00:30:27 |
Auschwitz to Krakow |
| 00:30:29 |
That's noy very far. |
| 00:30:32 |
And we knew nothing. |
| 00:30:36 |
But you knew |
| 00:30:39 |
That Hitler didn't like |
| 00:30:44 |
That we did. |
| 00:30:48 |
it apparead in print. |
| 00:30:51 |
But as to |
| 00:30:53 |
that was news to us. |
| 00:30:56 |
I mean, even today |
| 00:30:59 |
people deny it. |
| 00:31:03 |
have been so many Jews. |
| 00:31:06 |
That's what they say. |
| 00:31:09 |
Anyway what was done was |
| 00:31:12 |
What? |
| 00:31:13 |
The extermination. |
| 00:31:15 |
Everyone condemns it. |
| 00:31:18 |
But as for knowing |
| 00:31:24 |
The Poles, for instance. |
| 00:31:26 |
The Polish people |
| 00:31:30 |
That not surprising, |
| 00:31:33 |
They lived nearby, |
| 00:31:36 |
they talked. |
| 00:31:38 |
And they didn't have |
| 00:39:57 |
TREBLINKA - the station |
| 00:46:56 |
The "special detail"'s |
| 00:46:59 |
on the trainloads due |
| 00:47:18 |
When a lot of them came in, |
| 00:47:23 |
the "special detail" |
| 00:47:36 |
They couldn't do |
| 00:47:39 |
so there was |
| 00:47:44 |
OSWIECIM (AUSCHWITZ) |
| 00:47:48 |
But when there were |
| 00:47:55 |
it meant immediate |
| 00:48:06 |
We, in the "special detail", |
| 00:48:09 |
that a lack of trains |
| 00:48:12 |
would lead |
| 00:48:35 |
- FILIP MULLER - |
| 00:48:39 |
Every day, |
| 00:48:43 |
and thousands |
| 00:48:47 |
disappear up the chimney. |
| 00:48:51 |
With our own eyes, |
| 00:48:56 |
what it means |
| 00:48:59 |
There they came, |
| 00:49:02 |
men, women, children, |
| 00:49:08 |
They suddenly vanished, |
| 00:49:11 |
and the world |
| 00:49:13 |
We felt abandoned. |
| 00:49:18 |
But the situation |
| 00:49:24 |
what the possibility |
| 00:49:30 |
For we could gauge |
| 00:49:32 |
the infinite value |
| 00:49:36 |
And we were convinced |
| 00:49:39 |
that hope lingers in man |
| 00:49:44 |
Where there's life, hope |
| 00:49:48 |
That's why we struggled |
| 00:49:53 |
day after day, week after |
| 00:49:57 |
year after year, |
| 00:50:01 |
hoping against hope |
| 00:50:08 |
to escape that hell. |
| 00:50:41 |
At that time, |
| 00:50:44 |
in January, February, |
| 00:50:50 |
March, |
| 00:50:53 |
hardly any trains arrived. |
| 00:51:03 |
Was Treblinka glum |
| 00:51:08 |
I wouldn't say |
| 00:51:12 |
They became so |
| 00:51:16 |
I'll come to that later, |
| 00:51:27 |
Yes, I know. |
| 00:51:29 |
The Jews, |
| 00:51:33 |
those in the work squads, |
| 00:51:37 |
that they'd survive. |
| 00:51:41 |
But in January, |
| 00:51:46 |
receiving food, |
| 00:51:51 |
that there were |
| 00:51:53 |
there were a good 500 to 600 |
| 00:51:57 |
Up there? |
| 00:51:58 |
Yes. |
| 00:52:02 |
To keep them from rebelling, |
| 00:52:05 |
they weren't shot or gassed, |
| 00:52:08 |
but starved. |
| 00:52:14 |
a kind of typhus. |
| 00:52:18 |
The Jews stopped believing |
| 00:52:22 |
They were left to die. |
| 00:52:27 |
It was all over. |
| 00:52:29 |
FRANZ SUCHOMEL |
| 00:52:33 |
They'd stopped believing. |
| 00:52:36 |
It was all very well to say... |
| 00:52:41 |
"You're going to live!" We |
| 00:52:45 |
If you lie enough, |
| 00:52:49 |
Yes. |
| 00:52:51 |
But they replied to me: |
| 00:52:54 |
"No, chief, we're just |
| 00:53:09 |
The "dead season", |
| 00:53:17 |
began in February 1943, |
| 00:53:22 |
after the big trainloads came in |
| 00:53:27 |
Absolute quiet. |
| 00:53:31 |
It quieted in late January, |
| 00:53:35 |
Nothing. Not one trainload. |
| 00:53:43 |
The whole camp was empty, |
| 00:53:50 |
and suddenly, everywhere, |
| 00:54:02 |
It kept increasing. |
| 00:54:09 |
And one day when the famine |
| 00:54:14 |
Oberscharfuhrer Kurt Franz |
| 00:54:18 |
appeared before us |
| 00:54:22 |
and told us: |
| 00:54:25 |
"The trains will be coming |
| 00:54:43 |
We didn't say anything. |
| 00:54:45 |
We just looked |
| 00:54:48 |
and each of us thought, |
| 00:54:55 |
"Tomorrow |
| 00:54:59 |
"the hunger will end." |
| 00:55:05 |
At that period, |
| 00:55:09 |
we were actively |
| 00:55:15 |
We all wanted to survive |
| 00:55:24 |
The trainloads came from |
| 00:55:30 |
They'd brought in Jews |
| 00:55:37 |
These were rich people: The |
| 00:55:46 |
possessions. Then an |
| 00:55:50 |
all of us, my companions |
| 00:55:58 |
a feeling of helplessness, |
| 00:56:06 |
For the threw ourselves |
| 00:56:10 |
A detail brought |
| 00:56:14 |
of crackers, |
| 00:56:17 |
another full of jam. |
| 00:56:20 |
They deliberately |
| 00:56:25 |
falling over each other, |
| 00:56:29 |
their mouths with crackers |
| 00:56:32 |
and jam. |
| 00:56:43 |
The trainloads from |
| 00:56:47 |
to a terrible realization: |
| 00:56:55 |
RICHARD GLAZAR |
| 00:56:59 |
we were the workers |
| 00:57:03 |
and our lives depended |
| 00:57:06 |
on the whole |
| 00:57:11 |
that is, the slaughtering |
| 00:57:19 |
This realization |
| 00:57:24 |
with the fresh |
| 00:57:26 |
Maybe it wasn't so sudden, |
| 00:57:30 |
but it was only with |
| 00:57:33 |
that it became |
| 00:57:38 |
unadorned. |
| 00:57:42 |
Why? |
| 00:57:45 |
24,000 people, |
| 00:57:51 |
probably with not a sick |
| 00:57:59 |
not an invalid, all healthy |
| 00:58:04 |
our watching them |
| 00:58:09 |
They were already naked, |
| 00:58:16 |
And David. David Bratt. |
| 00:58:19 |
"Maccabbees! |
| 00:58:20 |
"The Maccabees have |
| 00:58:27 |
Sturdy, physically |
| 00:58:34 |
unlike the others. |
| 00:58:37 |
Fighters! |
| 00:58:39 |
Yes, they could |
| 00:58:45 |
It was staggering for us, |
| 00:58:51 |
for these men and women, |
| 00:58:55 |
wholly unaware of what |
| 00:58:59 |
Wholly unaware. |
| 00:59:07 |
Never before |
| 00:59:09 |
so smoothly |
| 00:59:19 |
We felt ashamed, and also |
| 00:59:23 |
go on, that something |
| 00:59:30 |
Not just a few people acting |
| 00:59:34 |
but all of us. |
| 00:59:45 |
The idea was almost ripe |
| 00:59:55 |
Beginning in November '42 |
| 01:00:01 |
we'd noticed |
| 01:00:03 |
that we were |
| 01:00:08 |
in quotes. |
| 01:00:13 |
We noticed it |
| 01:00:17 |
that Stangl, |
| 01:00:22 |
for efficiency's sake, |
| 01:00:27 |
who were already trained |
| 01:00:31 |
sorters, corpse-haulers, |
| 01:00:36 |
barbers who cut |
| 01:00:44 |
This in fact is what later |
| 01:00:50 |
to prepare |
| 01:00:53 |
to organize the uprising. |
| 01:01:08 |
We had a plan |
| 01:01:10 |
worked out |
| 01:01:15 |
code-named "The Time". |
| 01:01:21 |
At a set time, we were |
| 01:01:24 |
to attack |
| 01:01:30 |
seize their weapons and |
| 01:01:38 |
But we couldn't do it |
| 01:01:41 |
because things were at |
| 01:01:46 |
and because typhus |
| 01:02:12 |
In the fall of 1943, |
| 01:02:20 |
when it was clear |
| 01:02:25 |
that no one |
| 01:02:30 |
unless we helped |
| 01:02:35 |
a key question |
| 01:02:41 |
For us in the "special |
| 01:02:45 |
any chance to halt |
| 01:02:49 |
of extermination |
| 01:02:59 |
We could see only one: |
| 01:03:06 |
Armed rebellion. |
| 01:03:14 |
We thought |
| 01:03:18 |
that if we could get |
| 01:03:26 |
and secure |
| 01:03:29 |
of all the inmates |
| 01:03:33 |
throughout the camp, there |
| 01:03:41 |
That was the essential thing |
| 01:03:46 |
That's why |
| 01:03:51 |
contacted the leaders |
| 01:03:55 |
first in Birkenau, |
| 01:03:59 |
then in Auschwitz I, |
| 01:04:03 |
so the revolt could be |
| 01:04:12 |
FILIP MULLER |
| 01:04:14 |
The answer came that |
| 01:04:19 |
in Auschwitz I agreed |
| 01:04:24 |
with our plan |
| 01:04:37 |
Unfortunately, among |
| 01:04:43 |
there were |
| 01:04:48 |
Most were political |
| 01:04:52 |
whose lives |
| 01:04:56 |
and for whom each day |
| 01:05:00 |
increased their chances |
| 01:05:03 |
of survival. |
| 01:05:06 |
For us in the "special |
| 01:05:17 |
RUDOLF VRBA |
| 01:06:31 |
AUSCHWITZ - BIRKENAU |
