|
Destiny In Space
|
| 00:00:42 |
In the Milky Way galaxy, |
| 00:00:47 |
is a small planet inhabited |
| 00:00:53 |
Earthlings have always been |
| 00:00:59 |
Even as we discovered our own world, |
| 00:01:07 |
Perhaps other beings inhabit |
| 00:01:13 |
If they are sending signals ... |
| 00:01:16 |
we could detect them with this |
| 00:01:19 |
and maybe send a signal |
| 00:01:28 |
But might we ourselves |
| 00:01:32 |
to explore new worlds? |
| 00:02:28 |
We have already taken the first |
| 00:02:43 |
We designed this shuttlecraft to |
| 00:02:51 |
Here, far above the |
| 00:02:55 |
we're learning how to |
| 00:02:59 |
You've got a go to |
| 00:03:05 |
It's doing nose sweep, going |
| 00:03:11 |
The exterior shows just a little |
| 00:03:16 |
of many trips back and forth. |
| 00:03:22 |
The shuttle is equipped |
| 00:03:25 |
to move large payloads |
| 00:03:29 |
Houston, do we have |
| 00:03:33 |
It has lifted from the cargo bay ... |
| 00:03:35 |
a spacecraft which carries |
| 00:03:40 |
and a remotely operated |
| 00:03:43 |
Through its lens, we are |
| 00:03:48 |
the exterior of the shuttle |
| 00:03:57 |
Discovery, Houston. |
| 00:04:01 |
Copy that. |
| 00:04:07 |
Now the ORFEUS telescope |
| 00:04:12 |
We are riding with it, |
| 00:04:18 |
Beneath us the shuttle pulls |
| 00:04:25 |
ORFEUS will spend several days ... |
| 00:04:27 |
observing the hottest and |
| 00:04:32 |
Then the shuttle will |
| 00:04:41 |
Over three decades, we've learned how |
| 00:04:46 |
and live in low Earth orbit. |
| 00:04:50 |
Now that we have taken these |
| 00:04:54 |
to cross the great black void to explore |
| 00:05:00 |
The journey will be hundreds of times |
| 00:05:11 |
First, we need to understand |
| 00:05:16 |
The nine hours of work |
| 00:05:18 |
one and a half hour for green. |
| 00:05:20 |
Connected by tunnel to the crew cabin, |
| 00:05:26 |
is carried in the cargo bay |
| 00:05:30 |
Inside it, scientists are |
| 00:05:33 |
developed by 13 different countries. |
| 00:05:40 |
Two medical doctors, Norm Thagard |
| 00:05:45 |
are studying how our |
| 00:05:49 |
when introduced to microgravity. |
| 00:05:53 |
More than half the astronauts |
| 00:05:57 |
the first day or two. |
| 00:05:59 |
We're getting one |
| 00:06:01 |
German payload specialist Ulf Merbold |
| 00:06:06 |
to find out more |
| 00:06:08 |
I've got vection. |
| 00:06:10 |
The subject sees one thing, |
| 00:06:16 |
His brain is confused by |
| 00:06:19 |
and he becomes disoriented. |
| 00:06:25 |
Is the spacecraft rotating ... |
| 00:06:28 |
or are we? |
| 00:06:40 |
While Roberta spins, a tiny |
| 00:06:44 |
is recording the movements of her |
| 00:06:50 |
Data are collected at mid-flight, |
| 00:06:55 |
When the results are compared ... |
| 00:06:58 |
it becomes clear that the more |
| 00:07:01 |
the more they rely on the visual |
| 00:07:07 |
But these results tell us only about |
| 00:07:12 |
Spores three goes to centrifuge 204. |
| 00:07:18 |
Spores â Which one? |
| 00:07:19 |
To find out how we're |
| 00:07:22 |
people must live continuously |
| 00:07:27 |
There, we could learn how to maintain |
| 00:07:31 |
for months or years at a time. |
| 00:07:33 |
One more. Interesting. |
| 00:07:35 |
Recycling is a must. |
| 00:07:39 |
Future astronauts will be |
| 00:07:42 |
They will tend |
| 00:07:45 |
like this hydroponic garden |
| 00:07:49 |
that uses recycled water |
| 00:07:53 |
The plants must be kept |
| 00:07:57 |
Halfway to another planet, |
| 00:08:04 |
A hundred and eighty reps left. |
| 00:08:06 |
Keeping fit is another challenge. |
| 00:08:09 |
With no body weight to support, |
| 00:08:13 |
Bones become brittle. |
| 00:08:15 |
The longer we stay, |
| 00:08:20 |
Hey, Bobby! Come on up here. |
| 00:08:24 |
People traveling to other planets ... |
| 00:08:27 |
will spend years living |
| 00:08:31 |
What kinds of emotional |
| 00:08:35 |
Will we get homesick, so far |
| 00:08:39 |
isolated from family and friends |
| 00:09:02 |
There she is, John. |
| 00:09:06 |
Our first journeys to another |
| 00:09:13 |
Tranquility Base, Houston. |
| 00:09:21 |
But those round trips |
| 00:09:25 |
Today, on the Mir station ... |
| 00:09:28 |
Russian cosmonauts live |
| 00:09:33 |
From time to time, new crews arrive |
| 00:09:45 |
Now, after almost a year in orbit ... |
| 00:09:49 |
the cosmonauts will |
| 00:09:59 |
And even though they've spent up |
| 00:10:03 |
when re-exposed to Earth's gravity, |
| 00:10:10 |
Imagine arriving on an alien |
| 00:10:22 |
But what if we could produce |
| 00:10:25 |
as we travel to our destination? |
| 00:10:28 |
In 1968, Stanley Kubrick's |
| 00:10:32 |
2001: A Space Odyssey ... |
| 00:10:36 |
featured spaceship designs |
| 00:10:40 |
As the ship spins around, |
| 00:10:43 |
feels an outward, or centrifugal, |
| 00:10:50 |
In another design, parts of the |
| 00:10:58 |
But the rotation of |
| 00:11:00 |
could make the occupants |
| 00:11:04 |
We could avoid this ... |
| 00:11:05 |
if we built a spacecraft large |
| 00:11:10 |
But it would have to be about as |
| 00:11:16 |
How could we build such |
| 00:11:21 |
To get to Mars, for instance ... |
| 00:11:23 |
we might design a spacecraft |
| 00:11:26 |
one attached to each end of |
| 00:11:32 |
Once underway, the tether would be |
| 00:11:38 |
The whole assembly, rotating |
| 00:11:42 |
could provide the |
| 00:11:50 |
But until recently, tethers |
| 00:11:55 |
The concept would have to be tested. |
| 00:11:59 |
So far we have good |
| 00:12:02 |
So an experiment was flown |
| 00:12:05 |
An Italian satellite was deployed |
| 00:12:11 |
The crew was then to retrieve it. |
| 00:12:13 |
Let's do it like we simmed it. |
| 00:12:16 |
You're gonna keep the tether |
| 00:12:20 |
At first, the tether behaved |
| 00:12:25 |
- You don't want to yank on the |
| 00:12:28 |
And the Rdot is just oscillating |
| 00:12:33 |
- Slack tether. |
| 00:12:34 |
But then the reel jammed |
| 00:12:39 |
Houston, we have slack tether. |
| 00:12:41 |
By firing jets on both the |
| 00:12:45 |
the crew learned that they |
| 00:12:48 |
showing that we can |
| 00:12:52 |
Tether's under control. |
| 00:12:55 |
Unexpected snags |
| 00:12:58 |
But we learn from them |
| 00:13:05 |
To build more reliable spacecraft, |
| 00:13:11 |
To test them, in 1984 |
| 00:13:14 |
with dozens of materials |
| 00:13:18 |
exposing them to the |
| 00:13:22 |
Columbia, Houston. |
| 00:13:25 |
We left it in orbit for six years, |
| 00:13:30 |
Ready to go get it? |
| 00:13:31 |
Then the shuttle retrieved it |
| 00:13:37 |
We found a wealth of information |
| 00:13:42 |
Splatters. |
| 00:13:43 |
As the microscopes reveal ... |
| 00:13:45 |
the vacuum of space |
| 00:13:49 |
This pattern, I don't |
| 00:13:51 |
A continuous bombardment |
| 00:13:54 |
pitted the surfaces with craters. |
| 00:14:11 |
But the most serious hazard |
| 00:14:17 |
As the shuttle hangs suspended |
| 00:14:20 |
we see only the lights of |
| 00:14:25 |
But we can't see the harmful cosmic |
| 00:14:31 |
High-energy charged particles ... |
| 00:14:33 |
are streaming out from |
| 00:14:38 |
On Earth, we are protected |
| 00:14:41 |
and the surrounding |
| 00:14:44 |
In space, the radiation can |
| 00:14:51 |
A Japanese x-ray satellite reveals |
| 00:14:56 |
erupting from the Sun. |
| 00:14:58 |
On interplanetary trips ... |
| 00:15:00 |
we'll have to retreat to |
| 00:15:04 |
whenever solar storms are sighted. |
| 00:15:10 |
Most of the planets are too |
| 00:15:14 |
But that doesn't stop us |
| 00:15:17 |
Okay, understand. We have a go |
| 00:15:21 |
Five, four, three ... |
| 00:15:24 |
two, one, mark. |
| 00:15:28 |
- Do we have motion? |
| 00:15:31 |
It's stable? It's clear of the ASE. |
| 00:15:35 |
Where humans cannot safely go ... |
| 00:15:38 |
we send remotely controlled |
| 00:15:42 |
Commanding them from Earth ... |
| 00:15:43 |
we use their electronic eyes and sensors |
| 00:15:53 |
In 1989, the Galileo spacecraft ... |
| 00:15:57 |
began a five-year journey to Jupiter ... |
| 00:16:00 |
the largest planet |
| 00:16:04 |
Galileo just kind of dissolves |
| 00:16:07 |
as it goes into the |
| 00:16:10 |
And that's the last we saw of it. |
| 00:16:16 |
Early images of Jupiter were |
| 00:16:21 |
by two robot probes named Voyager. |
| 00:16:25 |
This was our first opportunity |
| 00:16:30 |
three times the size of Earth. |
| 00:16:35 |
The molecular building |
| 00:16:37 |
may be swirling within Jupiter's |
| 00:16:41 |
If Galileo's probe confirms this ... |
| 00:16:44 |
we should gain new insights |
| 00:16:55 |
Though it is our nearest planetary |
| 00:17:01 |
Thick cloud layers blocked |
| 00:17:06 |
Then we sent a spacecraft |
| 00:17:11 |
Its radar eyes could see |
| 00:17:15 |
Magellan collected so much data ... |
| 00:17:17 |
that we can now explore the surface |
| 00:17:23 |
We begin 60,000 feet up. |
| 00:17:33 |
To help scientists |
| 00:17:36 |
a computer has exaggerated the |
| 00:17:47 |
Perhaps these pancake domes ... |
| 00:17:50 |
were caused by lava pushing through |
| 00:18:15 |
These craters, some the |
| 00:18:19 |
were made by collisions |
| 00:18:24 |
On Earth, ancient craters like these |
| 00:18:31 |
But there is little |
| 00:18:35 |
Venus swelters beneath a thick |
| 00:18:39 |
which acts like a greenhouse: |
| 00:18:42 |
It allows sunlight to filter in, |
| 00:18:48 |
The surface temperature |
| 00:19:05 |
In the distance, the great |
| 00:19:24 |
We are now soaring more than |
| 00:19:30 |
The long, smooth strips |
| 00:19:35 |
are small portions of the surface |
| 00:19:58 |
The Magellan craft has shown us the |
| 00:20:03 |
where no human could |
| 00:20:07 |
But there is another world in our |
| 00:20:19 |
Future generations of explorers |
| 00:20:24 |
Do you know what that is? |
| 00:20:25 |
To prepare the way for them, |
| 00:20:29 |
to scout a landing site. |
| 00:20:33 |
We might dispatch a whole flock of |
| 00:20:41 |
Unlike us, they are almost |
| 00:20:44 |
and need no air or water. |
| 00:20:47 |
And they never get homesick. |
| 00:20:52 |
Robots like this |
| 00:20:55 |
being tested in |
| 00:20:58 |
have already been programmed |
| 00:21:01 |
like negotiating rugged terrain. |
| 00:21:05 |
More elaborate versions could |
| 00:21:11 |
But operating them |
| 00:21:15 |
At the speed of light, |
| 00:21:18 |
takes up to 20 minutes to |
| 00:21:30 |
If there is or ever has been life |
| 00:21:35 |
Mars is a good place |
| 00:21:38 |
A great rift valley splits |
| 00:21:43 |
It is as long as the |
| 00:21:55 |
We are now descending |
| 00:21:58 |
into a part of the valley |
| 00:22:03 |
It is five times deeper than |
| 00:22:09 |
The height of the terrain |
| 00:22:13 |
This is how it really looks. |
| 00:22:23 |
Life as we know it must |
| 00:22:29 |
Water may have flowed |
| 00:22:33 |
Perhaps it nourished life. |
| 00:22:46 |
Fossil life forms may lie exposed |
| 00:22:51 |
If we find any, it would |
| 00:22:54 |
that life has existed beyond Earth. |
| 00:23:02 |
It would mean that life |
| 00:23:07 |
and awaiting discovery |
| 00:23:17 |
Today, Mars is a frozen world. |
| 00:23:21 |
The average temperature here is |
| 00:23:26 |
But long ago, when water |
| 00:23:30 |
it must have been warmer. |
| 00:23:34 |
We don't know |
| 00:23:38 |
but perhaps it could be made |
| 00:23:43 |
Could future generations |
| 00:23:47 |
into an Earth-like world |
| 00:23:55 |
To do it, we might imagine some- |
| 00:23:59 |
to build up the atmosphere |
| 00:24:06 |
This would create |
| 00:24:12 |
Then we could introduce plants |
| 00:24:19 |
Animals and people |
| 00:24:23 |
A new world might be ready |
| 00:24:29 |
What would life be like on Mars? |
| 00:24:35 |
Perhaps we could |
| 00:24:42 |
Or perhaps we will leave |
| 00:24:52 |
Those decisions will be |
| 00:24:56 |
If terraforming is even possible, |
| 00:25:03 |
By then, we may have |
| 00:25:06 |
to explore the stars beyond. |
| 00:25:11 |
Though it would take about 100,000 years |
| 00:25:16 |
future generations |
| 00:25:22 |
For the present, we must use |
| 00:25:30 |
Now, we are about to |
| 00:25:34 |
an instrument that will allow us to look |
| 00:25:38 |
and back in time almost to its birth. |
| 00:25:42 |
One more foot. |
| 00:25:43 |
This is the Hubble Space Telescope. |
| 00:25:46 |
Keep coming. |
| 00:25:48 |
Once in orbit above the |
| 00:25:51 |
it will see 10 times farther |
| 00:25:56 |
And down. |
| 00:25:59 |
Astronauts Kathy Sullivan, |
| 00:26:04 |
have come here to the Lockheed |
| 00:26:08 |
for a final inspection. |
| 00:26:10 |
That's the socket in the MLI |
| 00:26:14 |
once you've got the door open ... |
| 00:26:15 |
and just crank it over center |
| 00:26:27 |
Hello, hello, hello. Howdy. |
| 00:26:30 |
Morning. |
| 00:26:31 |
Family and friends gather for the |
| 00:26:36 |
Among them is Dr. Lyman Spitzer ... |
| 00:26:39 |
who first proposed the idea |
| 00:26:44 |
This is a tremendous |
| 00:26:48 |
Very exciting, very exciting. |
| 00:26:50 |
I suggested a telescope of this general |
| 00:26:55 |
And the idea finally took |
| 00:26:59 |
and then among other people |
| 00:27:04 |
And off it goes. |
| 00:27:06 |
T-minus 10, go for main engine start. |
| 00:27:12 |
Five, four, three, two, one .... |
| 00:27:17 |
And lift-off of the |
| 00:27:49 |
Once Hubble is deployed ... |
| 00:27:51 |
astronomers on the ground |
| 00:27:54 |
to any region of the universe |
| 00:27:59 |
- Give you a payload ID of one. |
| 00:28:04 |
While pilot Charlie Bolden, on the left, |
| 00:28:10 |
astronomer Steve Hawley |
| 00:28:14 |
Discovery, go for Hubble release. |
| 00:28:18 |
Hawley releases the telescope. |
| 00:28:23 |
Then, very slowly and carefully ... |
| 00:28:26 |
retracts the arm. |
| 00:28:37 |
The sky and sea of Earth, |
| 00:28:42 |
the Hubble Space Telescope ... |
| 00:28:44 |
the creation of 10,000 people, |
| 00:28:50 |
It will remain here for many years, |
| 00:28:56 |
Shuttle crews will visit Hubble |
| 00:29:00 |
to replace and upgrade its parts. |
| 00:29:11 |
Yeah, it looks good. |
| 00:29:13 |
I don't see any |
| 00:29:16 |
Hubble is open for business. |
| 00:29:18 |
I wish you guys had been here to see |
| 00:29:22 |
Well, superb is an understatement. |
| 00:29:25 |
Residuals were at .02 and .01. |
| 00:29:28 |
The telescope would reveal |
| 00:29:31 |
never before seen. |
| 00:29:38 |
But there was a problem: |
| 00:29:40 |
A flaw was found in the shape |
| 00:29:48 |
A repair would be necessary. |
| 00:29:51 |
As part of the |
| 00:29:53 |
another crew would make |
| 00:30:01 |
Endeavour, you've got |
| 00:30:03 |
First, the crew would have |
| 00:30:07 |
Houston, Endeavour, the right-hand |
| 00:30:13 |
One side of it is bent way over, |
| 00:30:18 |
There's a problem with one |
| 00:30:21 |
that provide electrical |
| 00:30:24 |
Looks like the outer bi-stem |
| 00:30:29 |
90-plus degrees clockwise |
| 00:30:33 |
Once the telescope is |
| 00:30:37 |
the astronauts will move outside |
| 00:30:42 |
So begins the most ambitious |
| 00:30:46 |
ever attempted. |
| 00:30:50 |
Payload commander Story Musgrave |
| 00:30:54 |
are both veteran spacewalkers. |
| 00:30:57 |
Story is not built |
| 00:30:59 |
Most of us just float under the hut, |
| 00:31:04 |
If you're a person that gets claustrophobia, |
| 00:31:09 |
They'll depressurize |
| 00:31:13 |
then go to work. |
| 00:31:16 |
It had been planned that the |
| 00:31:20 |
as part of the regular service. |
| 00:31:22 |
But now, the twisted panel cannot |
| 00:31:27 |
They have no choice but |
| 00:31:30 |
Mission Specialist |
| 00:31:34 |
- Okay, they say you've got a |
| 00:31:43 |
Such a large object floating in space |
| 00:31:49 |
So bursts from the |
| 00:31:51 |
directly at the solar panel |
| 00:31:59 |
The motion will speed up its descent |
| 00:32:02 |
where it will burn up. |
| 00:32:07 |
There it goes. |
| 00:32:16 |
Almost like a bird. Look at it. |
| 00:32:21 |
It's quite a sight. |
| 00:32:22 |
Now, work on the |
| 00:32:25 |
Okay, coming straight on up. |
| 00:32:31 |
Okay, take me away. |
| 00:32:34 |
Just come right up easy, |
| 00:32:36 |
Bring the forward up a little more. |
| 00:32:40 |
It's difficult to maneuver bodies |
| 00:32:46 |
The repair of the telescope |
| 00:32:50 |
without the help |
| 00:32:54 |
It is controlled from inside by |
| 00:32:59 |
while Ken Bowersox, |
| 00:33:03 |
Just keep coming up, Claude. |
| 00:33:06 |
- Stop. Stop. |
| 00:33:10 |
I'm not even pulling it, I'm just |
| 00:33:14 |
The new wide-field planetary camera |
| 00:33:19 |
of the universe and how |
| 00:33:22 |
Here we go. |
| 00:33:23 |
The crew lifts it |
| 00:33:27 |
The tiniest bump could |
| 00:33:37 |
The astronaut teams |
| 00:33:40 |
spending up to six hours |
| 00:33:44 |
Okay, I'm gonna slip over. You've |
| 00:33:47 |
Keep coming up. |
| 00:33:49 |
All of their tools must be |
| 00:33:53 |
to keep them from floating |
| 00:33:55 |
Endeavour, Houston for Story. |
| 00:33:59 |
Okay. Swing it. |
| 00:34:04 |
After five days of intensive work |
| 00:34:09 |
the astronauts are now ready to install |
| 00:34:15 |
It's a kind of contact lens ... |
| 00:34:18 |
designed to bring Hubble's |
| 00:34:21 |
Pitch up a little. |
| 00:34:23 |
If it succeeds ... |
| 00:34:25 |
we will be able to look |
| 00:34:34 |
Good work, guys. |
| 00:34:36 |
The service and repair |
| 00:34:39 |
The mission drew upon |
| 00:34:42 |
throughout three decades |
| 00:34:47 |
Whether repairing a telescope, |
| 00:34:51 |
or building a base |
| 00:34:54 |
we must rely upon the teamwork |
| 00:34:57 |
if we are to succeed in this challenging |
| 00:35:07 |
Endeavour, you've |
| 00:35:34 |
The Cape of Good Hope beneath it ... |
| 00:35:37 |
the space telescope is now poised |
| 00:35:49 |
One of the astonishing discoveries ... |
| 00:35:52 |
is a first close look at an |
| 00:35:56 |
we call Eta Carinae. |
| 00:35:58 |
Four million times more |
| 00:36:02 |
its last outburst was seen in 1841. |
| 00:36:07 |
And now Hubble reveals that it has |
| 00:36:12 |
The clouds contain the heavy elements |
| 00:36:20 |
Now, in the heart |
| 00:36:22 |
Hubble reveals a stellar nursery. |
| 00:36:25 |
Gas and dust are condensing |
| 00:36:30 |
And even more astounding ... |
| 00:36:32 |
new planets are being born. |
| 00:36:35 |
Never before seen, the dark material |
| 00:36:40 |
forming around a young sun. |
| 00:36:44 |
Hubble has now provided evidence |
| 00:36:50 |
Life may be widespread among them. |
| 00:36:57 |
Perhaps we will hear a signal. |
| 00:37:04 |
Our curiosity and |
| 00:37:07 |
compel us to move outward ... |
| 00:37:09 |
to explore the worlds |
| 00:37:12 |
our galaxy, and the |
| 00:37:16 |
The distances are vast, |
| 00:37:20 |
the destination daunting. |
| 00:37:24 |
Still, we choose to explore. |
| 00:37:27 |
What we discover ... |
| 00:37:28 |
will shape our destiny in space. |
